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Philosophy > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Agent

A

The person who performs an action

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2
Q

Altruistic act

A

An action that solely benefits people other than the agent of the action

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3
Q

Analytic statement

A

A statement in which the predicate is contained in the subject

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4
Q

a posteriori

A

What is known/ justified on the basis of experience

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5
Q

Basic belief

A

A belief that justifies itself

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6
Q

a priori

A

What is known/ justified on the basis of experience

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7
Q

Belief

A

A thought about the world a person asserts as true

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8
Q

Categories

A

The concepts Kant judges necessary for experience

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9
Q

Causation

A

X causes Y, where X produces or is responsible for Y

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10
Q

Certainty

A

A state where a person cannot doubt a given proposition

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11
Q

Character trait

A

A pattern of judgement, desire or feeling

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12
Q

Coherentism

A

The claim that a belief is justified if it coheres with other beliefs

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13
Q

Concept

A

The constituents of thoughts

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14
Q

Conceptual relativism

A

The view that the particular set, or scheme, of concepts we have is relative. (e.g) the community we live in

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15
Q

Conceptual scheme

A

A set of concepts

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16
Q

Conclusion

A

A proposition inferred from other propositions

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17
Q

Contingent truth

A

A statement that happens to be true but which we can imagine being false in different circumstances

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18
Q

Deduction

A

An argument in which the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion

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19
Q

Deontology

A

The view that duty is the fundamental ethical concept

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20
Q

Disposition

A

A pattern on desire, judgement of feeling

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21
Q

Duty

A

What is owed, the things we are required to do, what morality demands of us

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22
Q

Egoism

A

Any views that have self-interest at their core

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23
Q

Empiricism

A

The view that knowledge originates in, and is justified by, experience

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24
Q

Epistemology

A

The theory of knowledge

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25
Q

Ethical egoism

A

The view that it is morally good to do what is in ones self interest

26
Q

Ethics

A

The study of good/bad, right/wrong, of moral judgement and moral motivation

27
Q

Eudaimonia

A

A blessed life

28
Q

Fallacy

A

A mistake in reasoning

29
Q

Foundationalism

A

A belief is justified if it is ultimately inferred from basic beliefs

30
Q

Hedonism

A

Pleasure at the core

31
Q

Hypothetical imperative

A

An order an agent must obey only if he has a particular desire

32
Q

Imperative

A

Statements that are orders

33
Q

Incorrigible

A

A proposition that cannot be corrected

34
Q

Indubitable

A

A proposition that cannot be doubted

35
Q

Induction

A

An argument in which the premises render a conclusion merely probable

36
Q

Inference

A

Generation of new proposition or statement through the combination of other statements

37
Q

Innate ideas

A

Concepts not acquired and are part of out rational nature

38
Q

Innate knowledge

A

Statements we know as part of our rational knowledge

39
Q

Justification

A

The state of being reasonable to believe something

40
Q

Knowledge

A

The state of having a justified true belief about something

41
Q

Logic

A

The study of the principles of reasoning

42
Q

Maxim

A

The subject principle of an action (kants definition) why an agent did something

43
Q

Necessary truth

A

A statement that we cannot conceive as false under any circumstances

44
Q

Necessary obligation

A

X is necessary for y if when x is false y must be false

45
Q

Objection

A

A criticism of a view or argument

46
Q

Predicate

A

Property or feature ascribed to something

47
Q

Premise

A

A statement treated as a reason or a ground for a conclusion

48
Q

Proposition

A

The meaning of a sentence

49
Q

Phsycoligical egoism

A

The view that all human actions aim at self interest

50
Q

Rationalism

A

Views that privilege the place of reason in human knowledge

51
Q

Reason

A

A premise in an argument, combining ideas to produce new ideas

52
Q

Scepticism

A

A challenge to our claims to possess knowledge in a particular domain

53
Q

Self interest

A

What is best for us or a motive for action

54
Q

Subject

A

What a statement is about

55
Q

Synthetic statement

A

A statement in which the predicate is not contained in the subject

56
Q

Tubula rasa

A

Blank slate, empiricist image of mind at birth

57
Q

Universal assent

A

Approval from everyone

58
Q

Universalisability

A

A maximum us universalisable if it could serve as a law for everyone’s conduct

59
Q

Vice

A

A deplorable character trait

60
Q

Virtue

A

An excellent character trait

Philosophy (5 decks)

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