Globalization: An Introduction

Question 1

• refers to the increasing global relationships of culture, people and economic activity
• is the homogenization of people’s tastes and demand patterns around the world, due to increased access to communication of information about products and services as well as increased access to transportation of products and people across borders

Answer 1

globalization

Question 2

argues that globalization stems, among other things, form basic human urge to seek better and more fulfilling life. This leads to trace the initial globalization of the human species

Answer 2

hardwired

Question 3

argues that it is difficult to find a single point of origin, but the effort is largely irrelevant since the long have been cycles of globalization and it is those that are utmost importance, not particular phase or point of origin

Answer 3

cycles

Question 4

agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations, increased trade, and ancient empires grew out of Eurasia

Answer 4

Eurasian Phase

Question 5

Commercial revolutions commenced in the Greco-Roman world, West Asia and East Africa

Answer 5

Afro-Eurasian Phase

Question 6

The world economy emerges alongside the caravan trade in the Middle East

Answer 6

Oriental Phase I

Question 7

this improvements in productivity and technology emerged throughout East and South Asia, with increased urbanization and development of the silk routes

Answer 7

Oriental Phase II

Question 8

Trade expanded across the Atlantic Ocean and into the Americas

Answer 8

Multicentric Phase

Question 9

the Euro-Atlantic economy developed through industrialization and the colonial division of labor

Answer 9

Euro-Atlantic Phase

Question 10

MNC’s and global value chains emerged throughout the US, Europe, and Japan and the Cold War Ended

Answer 10

20C Phase

Question 11

A new geography of trade encompasses East Asia and the emerging economies, with a global rebalancing of power and economic flows

Answer 11

21C Phase

Question 12

In Europe, important developments during this period were the sun-centered view of the universe, the beginnings of modern geography, and the spread of the Gregorian calendar

Answer 12

Germinal Phase

Question 13

• Among the key developments in this period were the “crystallization of conceptions of formalized international relations,” a “more concrete conception of humankind,” and “[s]harp increases in conventions and agencies concerned with international and
  transnational regulation and communication” (1990:26).

Answer 13

Incipient Phase

Question 14

• Among the key developments in this period were the “[v]ery sharp increase in number and speed of global forms of communication. Rise of ecumenical
  movement. Development of global competitions – e.g. Olympics, Nobel Prizes. Implementation of World Time and near-global adoption of Gregorian calendar. First World war. League of Nations” (1990: 27).

Answer 14

Take-Off Phase

Question 15

*This period was characterized by war (WW II)
and disputes (Cold War) over the still fragile
globalization process. The UN was formed
during this period.

Answer 15

Struggle-for-hegemony phase

Question 16

• Many global developments occurred during this
  period including inclusion of the Third World in
  the global system, end of the Cold War (and
  bipolarity), spread of nuclear weapons, world
  civil society, world citizenship, and global media
  system consolidation.

Answer 16

Uncertainty Phase

Question 17

A fourth view is that instead of cycles or great
epochs, one can point to much more specific
events that can be seen as the origin of
globalization

Answer 17

EVENTS

Question 18

The fifth view focuses on broader, but still recent,
changes. There is a sense in this view that change
occurred in the last half of the twentieth century

Answer 18

Broader, More Recent Changes

Question 19

• Countries that trade with many others and have
  few trade barriers are economically globalized.

Answer 19

Economic Globalization

Question 20

*A measure of how easily information and ideas
pass between people in their own country and
between different countries (includes access to
internet and social media networks).

Answer 20

Social Globalization

Question 21

*The amount of political co-operation there is
between countries.

Answer 21

political Globalization

Question 22

• What’s new: A global age
• Dominant features: Global capitalism, global governance, global civil society
• Power of national governments: Declining or eroding
• Driving forces of globalization: Capitalism and technology
• Pattern of stratification: Erosion of old hierarchies
• Dominant motif: McDonalds, Madonna, etc.
• Conceptualization of globalization: As a reordering of the framework of human action
• Historical trajectory: Global civilization
• Summary argument: The end of the nation-state

Answer 22

Hyperglobalists

Question 23

• What’s new? Trading blocs, weaker geogovernance than in earlier periods
• Dominant features: World less interdependent than in 1880s
• Power of national governments: Reinforced or enhanced
• Driving forces of globalization: States and markets
  Pattern of stratification Increased marginalization of South
• Dominant motif: National interest
• Conceptualization: of globalization As internationalization
• Historical trajectory: Regional blocs/clash of civilizations
• Summary argument: Internationalization depends on state acquiescence and support

Answer 23

Skeptics

Question 24

• What’s new? Historically unprecedented levels of global interconnectedness
• Dominant features: ‘Thick’ (intensive and extensive)
  Power of national governments Reconstituted, restructured
• Driving forces of globalization: Combined forces of modernity
• Pattern of stratification: New architecture of world order
• Dominant motif: Transformation of political community
• Conceptualization of globalization As the reordering of interregional relations and action at a distance
• Historical trajectory Indeterminate: global integration and fragmentation
• Summary argument: Globalization transforming state power and world
  politics

Answer 24

Transformationalist

Question 25

• Global system
• End of national polities, societies and
  economies

Answer 25

Globalized

Question 26

• States
• Concern with agenda of sovereignty and
  stability

Answer 26

International

Question 27

• Humanity
• Concern with agenda of rights, needs,
  and justice

Answer 27

World

Question 28

• Globalized states
• Agenda of managing relations between
  states penetrated by global system

Answer 28

Globalized International

Question 29

Social state

Answer 29

Polarity

Question 30

Identity

Answer 30

Multilateralism

Question 31

Economic order

Answer 31

Regionalism

Question 32

Liberal rights

Answer 32

Global divide