Globalization: An Introduction Flashcards
- refers to the increasing global relationships of culture, people and economic activity
- is the homogenization of people’s tastes and demand patterns around the world, due to increased access to communication of information about products and services as well as increased access to transportation of products and people across borders
globalization
argues that globalization stems, among other things, form basic human urge to seek better and more fulfilling life. This leads to trace the initial globalization of the human species
hardwired
argues that it is difficult to find a single point of origin, but the effort is largely irrelevant since the long have been cycles of globalization and it is those that are utmost importance, not particular phase or point of origin
cycles
agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations, increased trade, and ancient empires grew out of Eurasia
Eurasian Phase
Commercial revolutions commenced in the Greco-Roman world, West Asia and East Africa
Afro-Eurasian Phase
The world economy emerges alongside the caravan trade in the Middle East
Oriental Phase I
this improvements in productivity and technology emerged throughout East and South Asia, with increased urbanization and development of the silk routes
Oriental Phase II
Trade expanded across the Atlantic Ocean and into the Americas
Multicentric Phase
the Euro-Atlantic economy developed through industrialization and the colonial division of labor
Euro-Atlantic Phase
MNC’s and global value chains emerged throughout the US, Europe, and Japan and the Cold War Ended
20C Phase
A new geography of trade encompasses East Asia and the emerging economies, with a global rebalancing of power and economic flows
21C Phase
In Europe, important developments during this period were the sun-centered view of the universe, the beginnings of modern geography, and the spread of the Gregorian calendar
Germinal Phase
- Among the key developments in this period were the “crystallization of conceptions of formalized international relations,” a “more concrete conception of humankind,” and “[s]harp increases in conventions and agencies concerned with international and
transnational regulation and communication” (1990:26).
Incipient Phase
- Among the key developments in this period were the “[v]ery sharp increase in number and speed of global forms of communication. Rise of ecumenical
movement. Development of global competitions – e.g. Olympics, Nobel Prizes. Implementation of World Time and near-global adoption of Gregorian calendar. First World war. League of Nations” (1990: 27).
Take-Off Phase
*This period was characterized by war (WW II)
and disputes (Cold War) over the still fragile
globalization process. The UN was formed
during this period.
Struggle-for-hegemony phase
- Many global developments occurred during this
period including inclusion of the Third World in
the global system, end of the Cold War (and
bipolarity), spread of nuclear weapons, world
civil society, world citizenship, and global media
system consolidation.
Uncertainty Phase
A fourth view is that instead of cycles or great
epochs, one can point to much more specific
events that can be seen as the origin of
globalization
EVENTS
The fifth view focuses on broader, but still recent,
changes. There is a sense in this view that change
occurred in the last half of the twentieth century
Broader, More Recent Changes
- Countries that trade with many others and have
few trade barriers are economically globalized.
Economic Globalization
*A measure of how easily information and ideas
pass between people in their own country and
between different countries (includes access to
internet and social media networks).
Social Globalization
*The amount of political co-operation there is
between countries.
political Globalization
- What’s new: A global age
- Dominant features: Global capitalism, global governance, global civil society
- Power of national governments: Declining or eroding
- Driving forces of globalization: Capitalism and technology
- Pattern of stratification: Erosion of old hierarchies
- Dominant motif: McDonalds, Madonna, etc.
- Conceptualization of globalization: As a reordering of the framework of human action
- Historical trajectory: Global civilization
- Summary argument: The end of the nation-state
Hyperglobalists
- What’s new? Trading blocs, weaker geogovernance than in earlier periods
- Dominant features: World less interdependent than in 1880s
- Power of national governments: Reinforced or enhanced
- Driving forces of globalization: States and markets
Pattern of stratification Increased marginalization of South - Dominant motif: National interest
- Conceptualization: of globalization As internationalization
- Historical trajectory: Regional blocs/clash of civilizations
- Summary argument: Internationalization depends on state acquiescence and support
Skeptics
- What’s new? Historically unprecedented levels of global interconnectedness
- Dominant features: ‘Thick’ (intensive and extensive)
Power of national governments Reconstituted, restructured - Driving forces of globalization: Combined forces of modernity
- Pattern of stratification: New architecture of world order
- Dominant motif: Transformation of political community
- Conceptualization of globalization As the reordering of interregional relations and action at a distance
- Historical trajectory Indeterminate: global integration and fragmentation
- Summary argument: Globalization transforming state power and world
politics
Transformationalist
- Global system
- End of national polities, societies and
economies
Globalized
- States
- Concern with agenda of sovereignty and
stability
International
- Humanity
- Concern with agenda of rights, needs,
and justice
World
- Globalized states
- Agenda of managing relations between
states penetrated by global system
Globalized International
Social state
Polarity
Identity
Multilateralism
Economic order
Regionalism
Liberal rights
Global divide
