Globalization

Question 1

How far can you trace back the beginnings of globalization?

Answer 1

1870-1914

Question 2

why is globalization a fragile process

Answer 2

has come to an abrupt end many times due to inevitable consequences

Question 3

What was the name of the trade routes that served as networks for ideas, cultures, beliefs,
and languages?

Answer 3

didn’t have a name for a while until german geologist named it the Silk Road (die seidenstassen)

Question 4

What was the earliest known example of religious globalization that occurred over
Central Asia?

Answer 4

Buddhism traveled from India, over Central Asia, to China and East Asia

Question 5

What were the maritime routes between Asia and Europe during the first millennium

Answer 5

the Red Sea to the coasts of India, the Bay of Bengal to SE Asia, SE Asia to South China

Question 6

What is political hegemony? What are its key ingredients?

Answer 6

one country has political dominance over other countries, supported by legitimating norms and ideas, dominated people consent; coercion and consent

Question 7

How did the Mongols impact globalization during the Pax Mongolica era

Answer 7

united the Silk Road into one big route that connected Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia, SE Asia, Europe, and the Islamic world through international trade; also eventually caused black plague to spread and millions of deaths

Question 8

What was the significance of the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope?

Answer 8

Arabs had monopolized Asian maritime trade and Europeans wanted to bypass them by finding a direct sea route to India, found the Southern tip of Africa

Question 9

What was the role of Naval power in globalization?

Answer 9

provided protection for economic interests in distant lands and merchant ships in distant waters

Question 10

What contributed to the initial conditions for capitalist development in Western Europe
during 1500-1780?

Answer 10

mercantile expansion of trade from 1500-1870 led to expansion in commerce and increase in urbanization, led to social, political, and institutional change

Question 11

What factors played a critical role in driving the search for new technologies during the
late eighteenth century in Britain?

Answer 11

high wages, cheap capital, and cheap energy; competition from Asian manufacturers and shortages of wood following deforestation

Question 12

What played a transformative role in the mechanization of industrial production during
the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

Answer 12

the invention of the cotton mill, steam engine, and cheap iron

Question 13

What were the three key developments that laid the foundations for the next wave of
globalization around 1870, according to the passage?

Answer 13

the industrial revolution in Britain, emergence of a new form of colonialism - British/European imperialism over Asia and Africa, and the revolution in transport and communication - invention of steamship, railway, and telegraph = broke down geographical barriers

Question 14

When did the era of the next wave of globalization (in the Age of Empire), marked by a
rapid expansion of trade, investment, and finance across borders, come to an end and why?

Answer 14

1914 because of WW1

Question 15

How did imperialism contribute to the expansion of international trade during the late
19th and early 20th centuries (1870-1913)

Answer 15

imperialism forced open markets, free trade was imposed on Asia, Africa, and Latin America; Britain imposed free trade on India & the Netherlands on Indonesia, resulted in the rapid expansion of international trade

Question 16

Which region contributed the highest percentage of foreign investment in the world
economy in 1913

Answer 16

UK accounted for 55% of foreign investment in the world

Question 17

What characteristic marked the era in terms of international financial markets as part of
International Investments during the Globalization in the Age of Empire?

Answer 17

significant integration of international financial markets, provided a channel for portfolio investment flows, long-term investment in search of profit, banks as intermediaries; Asia, Africa, and Latin America integrated into world economy through international investment

Question 18

What is a notable difference between the European and Islamic slave trades, during the
Globalization in the Age of Empire?

Answer 18

Islamic slave trade started earlier & lasted longer, started in 7th century and ended in late-nineteenth, 15 million people transported from sub-Saharan Africa to the Muslim world, 8 million of them as slaves. European slave trade started in mid-16th century and ended in early-nineteenth, 15 million people transported over 2 centuries from Africa to the Americas, the Caribbean, and Europe

Question 19

When did slavery end in the United States, as stated in the passage during the
Globalization in the Age of Empire?

Answer 19

abolished in 1865

Question 20

What according to Nayyar, was a key factor for the advancement of the world
economy during the 19th Century?

Answer 20

international migration was critical in the evolution of the world economy, laborers came from China and India to work in mines and on plantations, migration provided the foundations for the development of industrial capitalism in the new world

Question 21

What role did emerging forms of industrial organization play in making globalization
possible in the late twentieth century?

Answer 21

19th century - assembly lines, mechanization (machines)
20th century - growing externalization of services enabled firms to relocate production worldwide = global value chains

Question 22

What is highlighted as a fundamental difference between the two eras of globalization?

Answer 22

difference is in the sphere of labor flows, 1870-1914 - no restrictions on movement of people across national borders, didn’t need passports, easy for immigrants to get citizenship = international labor migration was enormous; present - stringent immigration laws, substitutes for labor mobility = manufactured goods that embody scarce labor or exporting capital, limited solutions

Question 23

The cartoon with Mickey Mouse leading an invasion is an example of Globalization as

Answer 23

colonization

Question 24

Globalization as Transformation refers to changes that occur

Answer 24

at a system level, belief that globalization can lead to social inequality and advocates for transformative change to create a more “just global order”

Question 25

What is Globalization as transference?

Answer 25

implies exchange across existing unit borders, ex. between cultures; assumes the unit remains unchanged

Question 26

What concept suggests a complex relationship between core countries, peripheral countries, and semi-peripheral countries?

Answer 26

Wallerstien’s World Systems Analysis

Question 27

What is the difference between core countries, peripheral countries, and semi-peripheral countries?

Answer 27

core countries: dominant capitalist countries, exploit the peripheral countries for labor and raw materials, where most consumer goods are consumed - rich ppl
peripheral countries: dependent on core countries for capital, where most raw resources are harvested - poor ppl
semi-peripheral: share characteristics of both core and periphery countries, where manufacturing centers are, living conditions extremely variable

Question 28

The term glocalization was modeled on a Japanese word that meant

Answer 28

globalization and localization, adapting farming techniques to local surroundings, diversity of essence of life, erases all differences, removes fear from many that globalization is like a tidal wave sweeping away all differences, autonomy of history and culture

Question 29

Neo-liberal perspectives are grounded in

Answer 29

rational choice, emphasis on individual choices and actions, free market & free trade, dismantle social class, minimized role of the social state

Question 30

What is Economic hegemony?

Answer 30

idea that human progress can be attained through sustained economic growth

Question 31

What is the significance of the The Westphalian treaties?

Answer 31

ended the Thirty Years’ War, emphasized the sovereignty of national states, raise corporate profits and eliminate/reduce human welfare/security - Indonesia - growing influence of Supra state organizations: multinational union in which member countries cede authority on at least some internal matters, produced the basis for rivalry not community, exclusion not integration

Question 32

International Monetary Fund is an example of

Answer 32

an international development organization, works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for its’ 190 member countries, facilitate international trade, reduce poverty, etc.

Question 33

The Snake Charmer painting seen in class best represents

Answer 33

Orientalism & Western imagination, portrays Western Europe’s fascination/mystery with/of Eastern Europe, reduced the humanity of the Orients

Question 34

What is Orientalism?

Answer 34

concept that simplifies diverse groups of people into a single contrasting image of inferiority and uncivilized characteristics in comparison to the supposedly “superior West,” main assumption = Asian countries are intrinsically inferior to Western countries, reduces a variety of people to contradictory stereotypes like lazy, gullible, suspicious, mysterious, untruthful, etc.

Question 35

What concept best describes cultural hegemony and who coined it? What does it mean?

Answer 35

Subaltern, Antonio Gramsci, excludes specific people and social groups from the socio-economic institutions of society, deny their agency and voices

Question 36

Orient vs Occident

Answer 36

East vs West

Question 37

Subaltern (person)

Answer 37

person with a low ranking in a social, political, economic or another chain of command

Question 38

According to Spivak, a Subaltern

Answer 38

has no voice, cannot speak, nor have access to the structures of the citizenship