Globalization Flashcards
How far can you trace back the beginnings of globalization?
1870-1914
why is globalization a fragile process
has come to an abrupt end many times due to inevitable consequences
What was the name of the trade routes that served as networks for ideas, cultures, beliefs,
and languages?
didn’t have a name for a while until german geologist named it the Silk Road (die seidenstassen)
What was the earliest known example of religious globalization that occurred over
Central Asia?
Buddhism traveled from India, over Central Asia, to China and East Asia
What were the maritime routes between Asia and Europe during the first millennium
the Red Sea to the coasts of India, the Bay of Bengal to SE Asia, SE Asia to South China
What is political hegemony? What are its key ingredients?
one country has political dominance over other countries, supported by legitimating norms and ideas, dominated people consent; coercion and consent
How did the Mongols impact globalization during the Pax Mongolica era
united the Silk Road into one big route that connected Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia, SE Asia, Europe, and the Islamic world through international trade; also eventually caused black plague to spread and millions of deaths
What was the significance of the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope?
Arabs had monopolized Asian maritime trade and Europeans wanted to bypass them by finding a direct sea route to India, found the Southern tip of Africa
What was the role of Naval power in globalization?
provided protection for economic interests in distant lands and merchant ships in distant waters
What contributed to the initial conditions for capitalist development in Western Europe
during 1500-1780?
mercantile expansion of trade from 1500-1870 led to expansion in commerce and increase in urbanization, led to social, political, and institutional change
What factors played a critical role in driving the search for new technologies during the
late eighteenth century in Britain?
high wages, cheap capital, and cheap energy; competition from Asian manufacturers and shortages of wood following deforestation
What played a transformative role in the mechanization of industrial production during
the Industrial Revolution in Britain?
the invention of the cotton mill, steam engine, and cheap iron
What were the three key developments that laid the foundations for the next wave of
globalization around 1870, according to the passage?
the industrial revolution in Britain, emergence of a new form of colonialism - British/European imperialism over Asia and Africa, and the revolution in transport and communication - invention of steamship, railway, and telegraph = broke down geographical barriers
When did the era of the next wave of globalization (in the Age of Empire), marked by a
rapid expansion of trade, investment, and finance across borders, come to an end and why?
1914 because of WW1
How did imperialism contribute to the expansion of international trade during the late
19th and early 20th centuries (1870-1913)
imperialism forced open markets, free trade was imposed on Asia, Africa, and Latin America; Britain imposed free trade on India & the Netherlands on Indonesia, resulted in the rapid expansion of international trade
Which region contributed the highest percentage of foreign investment in the world
economy in 1913
UK accounted for 55% of foreign investment in the world
What characteristic marked the era in terms of international financial markets as part of
International Investments during the Globalization in the Age of Empire?
significant integration of international financial markets, provided a channel for portfolio investment flows, long-term investment in search of profit, banks as intermediaries; Asia, Africa, and Latin America integrated into world economy through international investment
What is a notable difference between the European and Islamic slave trades, during the
Globalization in the Age of Empire?
Islamic slave trade started earlier & lasted longer, started in 7th century and ended in late-nineteenth, 15 million people transported from sub-Saharan Africa to the Muslim world, 8 million of them as slaves. European slave trade started in mid-16th century and ended in early-nineteenth, 15 million people transported over 2 centuries from Africa to the Americas, the Caribbean, and Europe
When did slavery end in the United States, as stated in the passage during the
Globalization in the Age of Empire?
abolished in 1865
What according to Nayyar, was a key factor for the advancement of the world
economy during the 19th Century?
international migration was critical in the evolution of the world economy, laborers came from China and India to work in mines and on plantations, migration provided the foundations for the development of industrial capitalism in the new world
What role did emerging forms of industrial organization play in making globalization
possible in the late twentieth century?
19th century - assembly lines, mechanization (machines)
20th century - growing externalization of services enabled firms to relocate production worldwide = global value chains
What is highlighted as a fundamental difference between the two eras of globalization?
difference is in the sphere of labor flows, 1870-1914 - no restrictions on movement of people across national borders, didn’t need passports, easy for immigrants to get citizenship = international labor migration was enormous; present - stringent immigration laws, substitutes for labor mobility = manufactured goods that embody scarce labor or exporting capital, limited solutions
The cartoon with Mickey Mouse leading an invasion is an example of Globalization as
colonization
Globalization as Transformation refers to changes that occur
at a system level, belief that globalization can lead to social inequality and advocates for transformative change to create a more “just global order”
What is Globalization as transference?
implies exchange across existing unit borders, ex. between cultures; assumes the unit remains unchanged
What concept suggests a complex relationship between core countries, peripheral countries, and semi-peripheral countries?
Wallerstien’s World Systems Analysis
What is the difference between core countries, peripheral countries, and semi-peripheral countries?
core countries: dominant capitalist countries, exploit the peripheral countries for labor and raw materials, where most consumer goods are consumed - rich ppl
peripheral countries: dependent on core countries for capital, where most raw resources are harvested - poor ppl
semi-peripheral: share characteristics of both core and periphery countries, where manufacturing centers are, living conditions extremely variable
The term glocalization was modeled on a Japanese word that meant
globalization and localization, adapting farming techniques to local surroundings, diversity of essence of life, erases all differences, removes fear from many that globalization is like a tidal wave sweeping away all differences, autonomy of history and culture
Neo-liberal perspectives are grounded in
rational choice, emphasis on individual choices and actions, free market & free trade, dismantle social class, minimized role of the social state
What is Economic hegemony?
idea that human progress can be attained through sustained economic growth
What is the significance of the The Westphalian treaties?
ended the Thirty Years’ War, emphasized the sovereignty of national states, raise corporate profits and eliminate/reduce human welfare/security - Indonesia - growing influence of Supra state organizations: multinational union in which member countries cede authority on at least some internal matters, produced the basis for rivalry not community, exclusion not integration
International Monetary Fund is an example of
an international development organization, works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for its’ 190 member countries, facilitate international trade, reduce poverty, etc.
The Snake Charmer painting seen in class best represents
Orientalism & Western imagination, portrays Western Europe’s fascination/mystery with/of Eastern Europe, reduced the humanity of the Orients
What is Orientalism?
concept that simplifies diverse groups of people into a single contrasting image of inferiority and uncivilized characteristics in comparison to the supposedly “superior West,” main assumption = Asian countries are intrinsically inferior to Western countries, reduces a variety of people to contradictory stereotypes like lazy, gullible, suspicious, mysterious, untruthful, etc.
What concept best describes cultural hegemony and who coined it? What does it mean?
Subaltern, Antonio Gramsci, excludes specific people and social groups from the socio-economic institutions of society, deny their agency and voices
Orient vs Occident
East vs West
Subaltern (person)
person with a low ranking in a social, political, economic or another chain of command
According to Spivak, a Subaltern
has no voice, cannot speak, nor have access to the structures of the citizenship