globalisation , state, green crime Flashcards
globalisation
GIDDENS»_space;> intensification of worldwide social elations link distant localities = social changes made distance & national borders less important as barriers b/w social groups
UNPD; globalisation resulted in growth of = dealing in drugs, illegal trafficking of humans, weapons, corruption, violent crimes & war crimes
positives of globalisation
> > > more internation cooperation b/w police forces & extradition agreements ( suspects return to countries where suspected of commit crime)
easy to track & prosecute offenders
sharing info b/w us & european gov increased = many western countries effort to prevent money laundering= tackle organised crimes
taylor - globalisation
socialist view
> > > argues economic globalisation led to more crimes by elites
changes in world economy in response to gov & culture
:— multinational corporations shift activities b/w countries for profits = mass production of standardized products no longer useful = reduced job security & more part time, temp workers
—- deregulation of stock exchange & open world markets to increase competition = harder for gov to control over economies of countries
— state reduced role in social , economic planning, goods, transport, housing, cut backs in welfare
— europe community dominated by corporation/monopolies
— changes = marketization
more encouraged to see social life in market terms - calculate costs & benefits of choices
> > > marketization increased crimes on growth of market, consumer e.g insurance fraud
mass manufacutirng & public sector = job losses
jobless growth = high tech business meet rising demand with new tech w/o taking more workers
unemployment become permanent feature in some - little hope of imrpovement
incentives for criminal activity on work; subcontracting encourages employ people working illegally/ fraudulently claim benefit/ work low wages = break rules to cut costs
growing materialism & widening inequality
success on achieving lifestyle with consumption of expensive goods
cities affected by deindustrialization & lack of opportunities for youth wc men
culture of entrepreneurship encourage young blacks pursue illegitimate opportunities in drug business; set up crack houses - gangs
LIC turn to producing drugs = crops from which drugs dervied require little tech/ investments & can get high prices
more focus needs to be on rmarket society social & cultural effects like homelessness, poverty
need to reinvent lost sense of community, civility & shared citizenship = restructure labour market so more obs & role in life
support more public investment in crime prevention
> > > organised crime increased chances to launder profits from illegal activitis
global capitalism & cheap int transport & communication allow companies to shift production to LIC cheap production costs
taylor - capitalism, globalisation
- Elites, ability to move finance around with minimal control enables range of financial crimes, from tax evasion & insider trading to defrauding TNC ; EU out of grant
»> Super Rich have $21 trillion dollars squirrelled away in offshore bank accounts evading tax.
> > > tax havens, Cayman Islands, allows organised crime gangs to launder te profits from illegal activities drugs production & distribution, =lose controls over capital movements.
> > > TNCS & Law Evasion; shift their production to developing countries in search for more profits. = poorer countries have fewer environmental regulations, corporations can pollute more freely- not clean up
TNCs subcontracting encourages employment of working illegally, = cheaper to hire illegal =work for less. e.g clothing, food, building industries.
Subcontractors break rules to cut costs to get & retain contracts in competitive industries & maximise profits.
> > > e.g Bhopal, industrial accident in world history, problem of law evasion & corporate irresponsibility»_space;>. Union Carbide, American owned multi-national company, set up a pesticide plant in Bhopal to take ad-vantage of cheap labour in India.
plant accidentally leaked deadly gas fumes into surrounding atmosphere.
leakage = 3500 deaths & permanent injury 25 000.
company set up this particular plant =pollution controls in India were less rigid than USA and the & escape of gas = inadequate safety procedures at plant,= negligence.
Campaigners say Bhopal has children with birth defects & growth deficiency, & cancers, diabetes &
chronic illnesses.
> > > Union Carbide paid $470m in compensation to Indian government, 8 sentenced for crimes of negligence. No one on company got criminal charges.
newburn - globalisation
> > > globalisation reduce power of nation state = hard for individual countries to claim complete sovereignty over issues with crime
disputes over crimes committed in 1 country but effects in another e.g internet fraud - losses in country than one which fraudsters located
> > > chance to commit crime in new ways e.g advantage in varations in legislation b/w countries, duties, regulations, escape national jurisdiction moving b/w countries to avoid arrest
> > > create new awareness of risk from foregin countires like cyber terrorism, global warming & int terrorism
risk society= new global consciousness produce or international systems of justice
fear of outsiders= impose social control & exclude immigrants
HOBB & DUNNINGHAM = criminal networks organied crime
> > > most organised crime involved networks of interconnected criminals worked together from time to time than integrated, permanent gangs
successful criminals had int contacts to help in drug smuggling
local contacts to help sell druugs
crime not just organisedd globallty but also locally = global system
contacts acted as hus connect diverse activities of diff groups
> > > e.g 2 started career seperately as burgulars & in prison but release & working together= stealiing plant machinery & built strong relations with building workers to whom they sold stuff stolen
peters= collab with criminal org which import cannbis - running team of burgulara & manage chain of pubs = money= moved to costa del sol- ran shipping business
kept warehouse near hometown - centre for disposal of stolen goods & distribution
what is green crime
south
> > > South classifies green crimes into 2 types, primary & secondary.
Primary green crimes = crimes harm environment - legal under int law
air, water pollution, deforestation
Secondary, =crime that grows from going against rules that seek to regulate environmental disasters”
State violence against oppositional groups’, ‘hazardous waste and organised crime
what is green crime
walters
white
> > > useful to use ‘eco-crime’ than env crime or green crime to identify actions threaten sustainability o life on earth or extinction of human/ nonhuman life = crimes against nature than crimes against individual or species
eco crime also harm wellbeing without threatening long term sustainability - illness, pain, suffering
WHITE»> dismisses human centred definitions of crime as biased
»> law assumes humans have right to exploit natural env but view imposed by humans
?»> ego centric approach emphasises interdependencce of humans & env they live- damaging env not harmful itself but damages human who rely upon env
late modern approaches to green crime
beck
BECK»> economicgrowth in affluent countires = risks in lack of resources decline & science tech allowed people to overcome risks from natural env
»> e.g physical defences protect from floods but human activity created new risks; nuclear contamination, toxins in env & damage by pollution
»> risks created by growth- motor cards
»> e.g nuclear energy impact climate change& risk of disaster
> > > smog is democratic - trad social divison unimportant when impacts of env problems
walters - green crime
> > > nature exploited for profits
biopiracy = exploitation of biological materials of country or territory without giving fair financial compensation
e.g defirestation - hard for local to survive
GM crops. dams. mining cause harm to env = undermine sustainability & diversity, harm local people
green crime -WHITE
white»> people in developing worldprovides legal & illegal dumpsites for developed world’s unwanted waste= risks of exposure to env air, water, land pollution than developed world
»> green crime = TNC & nations hold anthropocentric view of world = most important is well being of citizens by economic development & growth
»> env only secondary consideration when forming economic policies, exploit raw materials, produce waste
marxist view green crime
> > > Industrial Capitalism
through producing & consuming stuff,
no global agreement safeguarding environment until Capitalism is eradicated or severely controlled.
companies allowed by governments to extract & pollute.
> > > social divisions reinforced in the face of environmental harms, with poor people bearing the brunt of harms.
explore who victims of green crime are, & victims be poorest in society. We have already explored
SNIDER»> state reluctant to pass laws & regulations against pollution & env harm by private business
» only when pressure by public or env crises
> > > cimes of powerful
what are state crimes
green & ward
> > > illegal & deviant activities with complicity or beha;f pf of state agencies to implement state policies
e.g genocide to exterminate whole population, war crimes, police violence, torture & imprisonment of political opponents
> > > state organizational deviance with violation of human rights
state organizational deviance distinguish state crimes from acts of rogue individual work for state like soldiers/ police - abuse prisoners without authority
> > crime need motive, opportunity to commit crime & failure of control that might prevent taking place= integrated theory of state crime
state crimes - mcloughlin
state crimes 4 types:
- political crimes e.g rigging elections
- economic crimes e.g not pay min wage
- social & cultural crimes e.g mistreat ethnic minority
- crimes by security forces e.g torture, unjustified violence
defining state crime
> > > human rights objected; fail to know idea of rights is socially constructued & whats seen as normal will vary from society
rights by UN as liberal, western, individualist bias - e.g UN rights as white, male property owners to echange freely on markers & exploit workers, women
> > > definition of state crime on international law - open to intrpretation & impossible to enforce
defined by breaking laws of society= states may legalise actions that most places see criminal e.g saudia arabia legal to imprison/ execute politic prisoners to public flogging
