Globalisation, Green Crime & State Crime

Question 1

Globalisation & Crime (Castells)

Answer 1

There is a global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum:
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Trafficking of arms, women, children, body parts, cultural artefacts, nuclear materials and endangered species
Smuggling illegal immigrants
Sex tourism
Cyber-crimes
Green crimes
International terrorism
The drugs trade
Smuggling of legal goods

Question 2

Globalisation & Crime (Taylor)

Answer 2

Globalisation has created crimes at both ends of the spectrum; it has allowed transnational corporations to switch manufacturing to low-wage countries, producing job insecurity, unemployment and poverty. Globalisation has also created inequality, leading to the increase in crime due to resentment and material deprivation.

Question 3

Globalisation & Crime (Glenny)

Answer 3

McMafia - the organisations that emerged in Russia following the fall of communism. Glenny traces the origins of transnational organised crime to the breakup of the soviet union, which coincided with the deregulation of global markets.

Question 4

Green Crime (White - types of criminology)

Answer 4

raditional criminology - its subject matter is defined by criminal law and is therefore not concerned with green criminology
Green criminology - the proper subject of criminology is any action that harms the physical environment, and humans or non-human animals within it.

Question 6

Green Crime (White - types of harm)

Answer 6

Anthropocentric = a human-centred approach. It’s the idea that humans have the right to use the world’s resources and dominate nature.
Ecocentric = humans and nature are interdependent. This is the view of green criminologists who see both humans and the environment as liable to exploitation.

Question 7

Green Crime (South - Primary)

Answer 7

Crimes that result directly from the destruction and degradation of the earth’s resources:
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Crimes of air pollution
Crimes of deforestation
Crimes of species decline and animal abuse
Crimes of water pollution

Question 8

Green Crime (South - Secondary)

Answer 8

Crime that grows out of flouting or rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters:
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State violence against oppositional groups
Hazardous waste and organised crime
Environmental discrimination

Question 9

State Crime (McLaughlin - types of state crime)

Answer 9

Political crimes (Eg. Corruption and censorship)

Crimes by security and police forces (Eg. Genocide, torture and disappearances of dissidences)

Economic crimes (Eg. Violation of health and safety laws)

Social and cultural crime (Eg. Institutional racism)