Globalisation, Green crime, human rights, state crime

Question 1

Castell - Globalisation

Answer 1

Global criminal economy now worth 1 trillion per annum: arms trafficking, nuclear material trafficking, sex tourism, drug trade ($300-400 billion annually).

Question 2

Colombia - COCAINNN ;)

Answer 2

Colombia (3rd world country) = 20% of the population depends on their cocaine.

Question 3

Global risk consciousness

Answer 3

Globalisation creates a ‘risk consciousness’ = new insecurities
EXAMPLE: Increased amount of people - economic migrants and asylum seekers = anxieities of disorder and protection at the borders (after 9/11 UK strengthen their borders)

Question 4

Globalisation, capitalism and crime: crimes of globalisation

Answer 4

ROTHE and FRIEDRICHS -
International financial organisations: World bank and IMF —> they are dominated by capitalist states.
EXAMPLE: World Bank has 188 member countries - five: USA, Japan, Germany, Britain, France - hold over 1/3 of voting rights
= Bodies impose pro-capitalist, neoliberal economic ‘structural adjustment programmes’ on poor countries for their loans they provide.
THIS MEANS gov has to cut spending on health and ed so that they can privatise publicly-owned services.

Question 5

‘Glocal’ organisation - patterns of crime

Answer 5

HOBBS and DUNNINGHAM -
Crime works as a ‘glocal’ system - it is locally based but with global connections. EXAMPLE: DRUGGGS!

Change in patterns of crime:
Less of a hierarchy and now more flexible, opportunistic, entrepreneurial.
However, we don’t know if this is true because it’s criminals.

Question 6

McMafia - patterns if crime organisation

GLENNY!

Answer 6

GLENNY -
Fall of communism 1989, changed the prices of everything APART from natural resources (oil).
Former communist officials and secret service men (KGB) could buy these (oil, gas, diamond) for LITTLE MONEY!
= sell them aboard with an astronomical profit!!!!

Now capitalist…to protect wealth capitalists turned to the new rise in mafia. EXAMPLE: Chenchen Mafia became a ‘franchise’ to non-chenchen groups. THEY SOLD PROTECTION - also helped the Russian billionaires out to protect their wealth.

Question 7

Green crime definition

Answer 7

Crime against the environment

EXAMPLE: Chernobyl

Question 8

‘Global risk society’

Green crime

Answer 8

BECK -
We have created new ‘manufactured risks’ —> harm to the environment and its consequences to humanity.
EXAMPLE: Global warming = green house gas emissions.
=
LATE MODERN SOCIETY = ‘GLOBAL RISK SOCIETY’!!

Question 9

Green criminology

Green crime

Answer 9

WHITE -
Green criminology: any action that harms physical environment and/or human and non-human animals within it, even if no laws are broken.
(Form of ‘transgressive criminology’ - oversteps boundaries of traditional criminology…. also known as ‘zemiology’———— LOOK AT OTHER FLASHCARD!

Question 10

Transgressive criminology — LINKS ON TO WHITES STATEMENT!!!!

(Green crime)

Answer 10

Green criminology…. (White)
Green crime is a form of ‘transgressive criminology’: oversteps the boundaries of traditional criminology to include new issues —> is called ‘zemiology’ (study of harms).

Question 11

Two views of harm

Green crime

Answer 11

WHITE -
1. ‘anthropocentric’ view - Nation-states and transnational corporations adopt ‘anthropocentric’ view - humans have the right to dominate nature for their own needs.
2. ‘Ecocentric view’ - Humans and the environment are interdependent: the environment also harms humans.
BOTH enviro and humans liable to exploitation.

Question 12

Types of green crimes - SOUTH

Answer 12

SOUTH -
Primary: ‘direct destruction of earths resources’ - Air pollution
EXAMPLE: twice as many people die from air pollution, breathing problems than 20 years ago
Secondary: Crime that grows out of flouting of rules aim at preventing environmental disasters.
EXAMPLE: Western businesses ship their waste to be processed - low cost and less safety —> get rid of toxic waste = $2500 a ton BUTTTT in third world countried = $3 a ton

Question 13

Criticism for green criminology

Answer 13

Hard to legally define crimes and to set boundaries - matter of values and subjectivity.

Question 14

GREEN and WARD - scale of state crime

Answer 14

GREEN and WARD -

262 million people are murdered by gov during 20th century.

Question 15

4 categories of state crime

MCLAUGHLIN

Answer 15

MCLAUGHLIN -

1. Political crimes - corruption, censorship
2. Crimes by security and police force - genocide
3. Economic crime - official violations of health and safety laws
4. Social and cultural crimes - institutional racism

Question 16

CASE STUDY: Genocide in Rwanda

state crime

Answer 16

Belgians had to minority groups: Tutsi and Hutus.
Tutsi: owned livestock, Hutus did not but could if the could afford to buy cattle.
THE BELGIAN’S ‘ETHNICISED’ THE TWO GROUPS - racial cards, education separate.

1990’s civil war = propaganda against the Tutsis from the Hutus.
Shooting down of HUTU’s president’s plane = TRIGGERED the genocide.
100 days - 800,000 Tutsi slaughtered. Later, Hutu civilians were forced to join in on the killing or be killed.

Question 17

State-corporate crime

Answer 17

DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL RIG DISASTER -
in the Gulf of Mexico.
This occurs when states fail to regulate and control corporate behaviour, making crime easier.

The rid exploded due to cost-cutting decisions.
Killed 11 people and causes the largest oil spill in history.

Question 18

Domestic Law - Chambliss

Defining state crime

Answer 18

CHAMBLISS -
Crime is ‘acts defined by laws as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their job as representatives of the state.
HOWEVER, as the states define the law they can easily avoid criminalising their own actions.

Question 19

Social harms and zemiology - Michalowski

Defining state crime

Answer 19

Michalowski -

State crime doesn’t include illegal action’s like harm causes to the environment, humans or non-humans.

Question 20

Labelling and societal reaction

Defining state crime

Answer 20

Argues that state crimes are socially constructed by the audience and can change depending on different states.
= Difference cultures coming together, increase diversity.
HOWEVER, R/C ideology can manipulate audiences’ perspective of state crimes to benefit the R/C needs.

Question 21

Human rights - Schwendinger

Defining state crime

Answer 21

Schwendinger -
State crime is defined by people basic human rights

However, R/C spread ideology….

Question 22

Authoritarian personality - Adorno et al

Explaining state crime

Answer 22

ADORNO ET AL -
‘Authoritarian personality’ - willingness to obey orders from superiors without questions.

EXAMPLE: WW2, Nazi Germany

Question 23

Crime of obedience

Explaining state crime

Answer 23

Research suggests that many people are willing to obey law even when it harms others - from socialisation.
GREEN and WARD-
Being a torture you would need to be re-socialisation. Military bases - being the army, having to kill people.

Question 24

The culture of denial - COHEN

Explaining state crime

Answer 24

COHEN -
States now have greater effort to conceal human right crimes, to re-label it as not a crime.
3 stages of ‘spiral of state denial’:
1. ‘It didn’t happen’.
2. ‘If it did happen, it is something else’ = self-defence
3. ‘Even if it is, it’s justified’ = fight a war on terror