Globalisation, Green crime, human rights, state crime Flashcards
Castell - Globalisation
Global criminal economy now worth 1 trillion per annum: arms trafficking, nuclear material trafficking, sex tourism, drug trade ($300-400 billion annually).
Colombia - COCAINNN ;)
Colombia (3rd world country) = 20% of the population depends on their cocaine.
Global risk consciousness
Globalisation creates a ‘risk consciousness’ = new insecurities
EXAMPLE: Increased amount of people - economic migrants and asylum seekers = anxieities of disorder and protection at the borders (after 9/11 UK strengthen their borders)
Globalisation, capitalism and crime: crimes of globalisation
ROTHE and FRIEDRICHS -
International financial organisations: World bank and IMF —> they are dominated by capitalist states.
EXAMPLE: World Bank has 188 member countries - five: USA, Japan, Germany, Britain, France - hold over 1/3 of voting rights
= Bodies impose pro-capitalist, neoliberal economic ‘structural adjustment programmes’ on poor countries for their loans they provide.
THIS MEANS gov has to cut spending on health and ed so that they can privatise publicly-owned services.
‘Glocal’ organisation - patterns of crime
HOBBS and DUNNINGHAM -
Crime works as a ‘glocal’ system - it is locally based but with global connections. EXAMPLE: DRUGGGS!
Change in patterns of crime:
Less of a hierarchy and now more flexible, opportunistic, entrepreneurial.
However, we don’t know if this is true because it’s criminals.
McMafia - patterns if crime organisation
GLENNY!
GLENNY -
Fall of communism 1989, changed the prices of everything APART from natural resources (oil).
Former communist officials and secret service men (KGB) could buy these (oil, gas, diamond) for LITTLE MONEY!
= sell them aboard with an astronomical profit!!!!
Now capitalist…to protect wealth capitalists turned to the new rise in mafia. EXAMPLE: Chenchen Mafia became a ‘franchise’ to non-chenchen groups. THEY SOLD PROTECTION - also helped the Russian billionaires out to protect their wealth.
Green crime definition
Crime against the environment
EXAMPLE: Chernobyl
‘Global risk society’
Green crime
BECK -
We have created new ‘manufactured risks’ —> harm to the environment and its consequences to humanity.
EXAMPLE: Global warming = green house gas emissions.
=
LATE MODERN SOCIETY = ‘GLOBAL RISK SOCIETY’!!
Green criminology
Green crime
WHITE -
Green criminology: any action that harms physical environment and/or human and non-human animals within it, even if no laws are broken.
(Form of ‘transgressive criminology’ - oversteps boundaries of traditional criminology…. also known as ‘zemiology’———— LOOK AT OTHER FLASHCARD!
Transgressive criminology — LINKS ON TO WHITES STATEMENT!!!!
(Green crime)
Green criminology…. (White)
Green crime is a form of ‘transgressive criminology’: oversteps the boundaries of traditional criminology to include new issues —> is called ‘zemiology’ (study of harms).
Two views of harm
Green crime
WHITE -
1. ‘anthropocentric’ view - Nation-states and transnational corporations adopt ‘anthropocentric’ view - humans have the right to dominate nature for their own needs.
2. ‘Ecocentric view’ - Humans and the environment are interdependent: the environment also harms humans.
BOTH enviro and humans liable to exploitation.
Types of green crimes - SOUTH
SOUTH -
Primary: ‘direct destruction of earths resources’ - Air pollution
EXAMPLE: twice as many people die from air pollution, breathing problems than 20 years ago
Secondary: Crime that grows out of flouting of rules aim at preventing environmental disasters.
EXAMPLE: Western businesses ship their waste to be processed - low cost and less safety —> get rid of toxic waste = $2500 a ton BUTTTT in third world countried = $3 a ton
Criticism for green criminology
Hard to legally define crimes and to set boundaries - matter of values and subjectivity.
GREEN and WARD - scale of state crime
GREEN and WARD -
262 million people are murdered by gov during 20th century.
4 categories of state crime
MCLAUGHLIN
MCLAUGHLIN -
- Political crimes - corruption, censorship
- Crimes by security and police force - genocide
- Economic crime - official violations of health and safety laws
- Social and cultural crimes - institutional racism
CASE STUDY: Genocide in Rwanda
state crime
Belgians had to minority groups: Tutsi and Hutus.
Tutsi: owned livestock, Hutus did not but could if the could afford to buy cattle.
THE BELGIAN’S ‘ETHNICISED’ THE TWO GROUPS - racial cards, education separate.
1990’s civil war = propaganda against the Tutsis from the Hutus.
Shooting down of HUTU’s president’s plane = TRIGGERED the genocide.
100 days - 800,000 Tutsi slaughtered. Later, Hutu civilians were forced to join in on the killing or be killed.
State-corporate crime
DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL RIG DISASTER -
in the Gulf of Mexico.
This occurs when states fail to regulate and control corporate behaviour, making crime easier.
The rid exploded due to cost-cutting decisions.
Killed 11 people and causes the largest oil spill in history.
Domestic Law - Chambliss
Defining state crime
CHAMBLISS -
Crime is ‘acts defined by laws as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their job as representatives of the state.
HOWEVER, as the states define the law they can easily avoid criminalising their own actions.
Social harms and zemiology - Michalowski
Defining state crime
Michalowski -
State crime doesn’t include illegal action’s like harm causes to the environment, humans or non-humans.
Labelling and societal reaction
Defining state crime
Argues that state crimes are socially constructed by the audience and can change depending on different states.
= Difference cultures coming together, increase diversity.
HOWEVER, R/C ideology can manipulate audiences’ perspective of state crimes to benefit the R/C needs.
Human rights - Schwendinger
Defining state crime
Schwendinger -
State crime is defined by people basic human rights
However, R/C spread ideology….
Authoritarian personality - Adorno et al
Explaining state crime
ADORNO ET AL -
‘Authoritarian personality’ - willingness to obey orders from superiors without questions.
EXAMPLE: WW2, Nazi Germany
Crime of obedience
Explaining state crime
Research suggests that many people are willing to obey law even when it harms others - from socialisation.
GREEN and WARD-
Being a torture you would need to be re-socialisation. Military bases - being the army, having to kill people.
The culture of denial - COHEN
Explaining state crime
COHEN -
States now have greater effort to conceal human right crimes, to re-label it as not a crime.
3 stages of ‘spiral of state denial’:
1. ‘It didn’t happen’.
2. ‘If it did happen, it is something else’ = self-defence
3. ‘Even if it is, it’s justified’ = fight a war on terror
