Control, Punishment, Victims

Question 1

Situational crime prevention - CLARKE

Answer 1

Focuses more on reducing opportunities for crime than improving society and it’s institutions:
1. Increasing the effort and risks of committing crime and reducing the rewards.
EXAMPLE: ‘Target Harding’ measures - locking doors and windows make it harder for burglars, CCTV also help.
= reduces rewards.

Question 2

CLARKE - No realistic solution of crime - most crime is opportunistic so we need to reduce opportunities.

Answer 2

CLARKE -

No realistic solution of crime - most crime is opportunistic so we need ti reduce opportunities.

Question 3

DISPLACEMENT….

Answer 3

Crime doesn’t get reduced crime just displaces it.

Question 4

Chaiken et al: Subway robberies

Answer 4

Chaiken et al:

Crackdown on subway robberies in NY displaced to different streets

Question 5

Criticism crime prevention

Answer 5

• Tends to focus on opportunistic petty crime: ignore white collar crime, corporate crime.

Question 6

Environmental crime prevention - Wilson and Kelling

Answer 6

Wilson and Kelling -
BROKEN WINDOW THEORY:
They argue leaving ‘broken windows’ unrepaired, tolerating aggressive begging - sends out a signal that no one cares.
= crackdown on disorder - using the broken window method, repairing it immediately. Secondly, the police must adopt a ZERO TOLERANCE POLICING STRATEGY = preventing crime from the root!

Question 7

EXAMPLE OF BROKEN WINDOW THEORY/ZERO TOLERANCE POLICING

Answer 7

‘CLEAN CAR PROGRAM’ - instilled in the subway:
Cars were taken out of services if they has any graffti on them, returning once clean= graffti largely removed from subways.

Question 8

CRITICISM FOR ZERO TOLERANCE: linked with broken window theory

Answer 8

NYPD benefited from 7,000 extra officers

There was a decline in crime already.

Question 9

Social and community crime prevention: PERRY PRESCHOOL PROJECT

Answer 9

PEER PRE-SCHOOL PROJECT -

Reducing criminality for Black disadvantaged children ages 3-4, Michigan = children received weekly home visits.

Question 10

Criticism for PPP

Answer 10

• Disregards crimes of powerful and environmental

Question 11

FOUCAULT: Birth of the Prison

Surveillance

Answer 11

FOUCAULT:
2 types of power -
1. Sovereign power: before the 19th century, Monarchy own power over people and their bodies. Punishment was brutal.
2. Disciplinary power: From 19th century, Surveillance become the control, more effective/efficient at controlling people.

EXAMPLE: THE PANOPTICON! A prison that a all individual prisoners are visible to the guards at a central watchtower BUT guards aren’t visible to the prisoners.
= MIGHT be watched at all the times = behave = becomes self-surveillance and self-discipline!
DISCIPLINE HAS NOW DISPERSED!!! —> TO SCHOOLS, ASYLUMS, BARRACKS.

Question 12

CRITICISM FOR FOUCAULT….

Answer 12

GOFFMAN:

Inmates in prison and mental hospitals are able to resist controls.

Question 13

Synoptic surveillance: MATHIESEN

Answer 13

MATHIESEN -
Foucault’s account of surveillance tell half the story.
NOWADAYS, media allows the many to see the few.
Everything is now ‘Synoptic’ - everyone watches everyone.

CITIZEN JOURNALISTS

Question 14

Actuarial justice and risk management: FEELEY and SIMON

Answer 14

FEELEY and SIMON -
New ‘technology of power’ is emerging in CJS.
It uses calculation of risk or ‘actuarial analysis’.
Used to predict and prevent future offending: EXAMPLE - Stopping a certain individual from their records, prevent from something else happening.

Question 15

Labelling and Surveillance: NORIS and ARMSTRONG

Answer 15

NORIS and ARMSTRONG -
Found a massive disproportionate targeting of young black males for no other reason than their membership of that particular social group - typification, stereotypical beliefs.

Question 16

Reduction of punishment

Answer 16

Punishing offenders that prevents them from future crime.

E.G - Rehabilitation: Providing policies to improve the individuals knowledge to help them not offend again.

Question 17

Retribution of punishment

Answer 17

‘Pay back’, for committing a crime you would have to be punished - getting revenge.

Question 18

DURKHEIM: Functionalist perspective of PUNISHMENT!

Answer 18

DURKHEIM -
Punishment holds up social solidarity and reinforces shared values.
2 types of justice:
1. Retributive justice - Vengeful passion to repress the wrongdoer.
2. Restitution justice - Compensation for the damage.

Question 19

Marxist: Capitalism and punishment

Answer 19

Maintain social order, as a a part of the ‘repressive state apparatus’ - R/C ideology forced on L/C. = REINFORCED CAPITALISM!

Question 20

MARXIST: Changing role of prisons…

Answer 20

WAS…
Holding people prior to a punishment, after Enlightenment imprisonment was seen as a punishment.
NOW…
Imprisonment is seen a the most severe form of punishment. Many people see it as a expensive way of making bad people worse —> 2/3 prisoners commit further crimes.

Question 21

Mass Incarceration: GARLAND

Answer 21

1972, were around 200,000 inmates in prison.
NOWWWW:
Increased rapidly - over 1.5 million

Question 22

Christie - defining a victim

Answer 22

CHRISTIE -

The definition of a victim is SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED - Normally seen as vulnerable, weak, innocent (a child or women).

Question 23

Definition of victimology

Answer 23

Victimology -

The study of victims - how you can use them to find a offender, evidence. Victims play an essential role in the CJS.

Question 24

Positivist victimology: Miers

Answer 24

Has 3 factors:

1. Showing patterns in victimisation
2. Focuses on interpersonal crimes
3. ID if victims have contributed to their own victimisation

= see if an individual has ‘victim proneness’

Question 25

Criticism for positive victimology

Answer 25

Ignores wider problems like poverty and patriarchy

Question 26

Critical victimology: Marxist and Feminists

Answer 26

• Structural factors: patriarchy and poverty = powerless like women and poor, more likely.
• The states power to apply or deny the label of victim: The CJ progress alters whether you are seen as a victim. E.G Police can control whether to press charges - making you a victim or not.

Question 27

Criticism of Critical victimology

Answer 27

The ‘victim’ might become a victim through their own choices - e.g not making the house safe enough

Question 28

Patterns of victimisation

Answer 28

Class: Poorer class more likely to be victimised
Age: Younger people seen weaker and vulnerable
Ethnicity: EM - racism from police (typification they have) and more likely to be in poverty.
Gender: Males are more likely to be victimised - gangs (70% homicides are male). Women more likely with sexual abuse.
Repeated victimisation: British crime survey - 60% of pop have NOT been victims. 4% of the pop are victims of 44% of all crimes.

Question 29

Impact of victimisation

Answer 29

Crime can create ‘indirect’ victims - friends, family, witnesses = causing psychological harm.