Control, Punishment, Victims Flashcards
Situational crime prevention - CLARKE
Focuses more on reducing opportunities for crime than improving society and it’s institutions:
1. Increasing the effort and risks of committing crime and reducing the rewards.
EXAMPLE: ‘Target Harding’ measures - locking doors and windows make it harder for burglars, CCTV also help.
= reduces rewards.
CLARKE - No realistic solution of crime - most crime is opportunistic so we need to reduce opportunities.
CLARKE -
No realistic solution of crime - most crime is opportunistic so we need ti reduce opportunities.
DISPLACEMENT….
Crime doesn’t get reduced crime just displaces it.
Chaiken et al: Subway robberies
Chaiken et al:
Crackdown on subway robberies in NY displaced to different streets
Criticism crime prevention
- Tends to focus on opportunistic petty crime: ignore white collar crime, corporate crime.
Environmental crime prevention - Wilson and Kelling
Wilson and Kelling -
BROKEN WINDOW THEORY:
They argue leaving ‘broken windows’ unrepaired, tolerating aggressive begging - sends out a signal that no one cares.
= crackdown on disorder - using the broken window method, repairing it immediately. Secondly, the police must adopt a ZERO TOLERANCE POLICING STRATEGY = preventing crime from the root!
EXAMPLE OF BROKEN WINDOW THEORY/ZERO TOLERANCE POLICING
‘CLEAN CAR PROGRAM’ - instilled in the subway:
Cars were taken out of services if they has any graffti on them, returning once clean= graffti largely removed from subways.
CRITICISM FOR ZERO TOLERANCE: linked with broken window theory
NYPD benefited from 7,000 extra officers
There was a decline in crime already.
Social and community crime prevention: PERRY PRESCHOOL PROJECT
PEER PRE-SCHOOL PROJECT -
Reducing criminality for Black disadvantaged children ages 3-4, Michigan = children received weekly home visits.
Criticism for PPP
- Disregards crimes of powerful and environmental
FOUCAULT: Birth of the Prison
Surveillance
FOUCAULT:
2 types of power -
1. Sovereign power: before the 19th century, Monarchy own power over people and their bodies. Punishment was brutal.
2. Disciplinary power: From 19th century, Surveillance become the control, more effective/efficient at controlling people.
EXAMPLE: THE PANOPTICON! A prison that a all individual prisoners are visible to the guards at a central watchtower BUT guards aren’t visible to the prisoners.
= MIGHT be watched at all the times = behave = becomes self-surveillance and self-discipline!
DISCIPLINE HAS NOW DISPERSED!!! —> TO SCHOOLS, ASYLUMS, BARRACKS.
CRITICISM FOR FOUCAULT….
GOFFMAN:
Inmates in prison and mental hospitals are able to resist controls.
Synoptic surveillance: MATHIESEN
MATHIESEN -
Foucault’s account of surveillance tell half the story.
NOWADAYS, media allows the many to see the few.
Everything is now ‘Synoptic’ - everyone watches everyone.
CITIZEN JOURNALISTS
Actuarial justice and risk management: FEELEY and SIMON
FEELEY and SIMON -
New ‘technology of power’ is emerging in CJS.
It uses calculation of risk or ‘actuarial analysis’.
Used to predict and prevent future offending: EXAMPLE - Stopping a certain individual from their records, prevent from something else happening.
Labelling and Surveillance: NORIS and ARMSTRONG
NORIS and ARMSTRONG -
Found a massive disproportionate targeting of young black males for no other reason than their membership of that particular social group - typification, stereotypical beliefs.
Reduction of punishment
Punishing offenders that prevents them from future crime.
E.G - Rehabilitation: Providing policies to improve the individuals knowledge to help them not offend again.
Retribution of punishment
‘Pay back’, for committing a crime you would have to be punished - getting revenge.
DURKHEIM: Functionalist perspective of PUNISHMENT!
DURKHEIM -
Punishment holds up social solidarity and reinforces shared values.
2 types of justice:
1. Retributive justice - Vengeful passion to repress the wrongdoer.
2. Restitution justice - Compensation for the damage.
Marxist: Capitalism and punishment
Maintain social order, as a a part of the ‘repressive state apparatus’ - R/C ideology forced on L/C. = REINFORCED CAPITALISM!
MARXIST: Changing role of prisons…
WAS…
Holding people prior to a punishment, after Enlightenment imprisonment was seen as a punishment.
NOW…
Imprisonment is seen a the most severe form of punishment. Many people see it as a expensive way of making bad people worse —> 2/3 prisoners commit further crimes.
Mass Incarceration: GARLAND
1972, were around 200,000 inmates in prison.
NOWWWW:
Increased rapidly - over 1.5 million
Christie - defining a victim
CHRISTIE -
The definition of a victim is SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED - Normally seen as vulnerable, weak, innocent (a child or women).
Definition of victimology
Victimology -
The study of victims - how you can use them to find a offender, evidence. Victims play an essential role in the CJS.
Positivist victimology: Miers
Has 3 factors:
- Showing patterns in victimisation
- Focuses on interpersonal crimes
- ID if victims have contributed to their own victimisation
= see if an individual has ‘victim proneness’
Criticism for positive victimology
Ignores wider problems like poverty and patriarchy
Critical victimology: Marxist and Feminists
- Structural factors: patriarchy and poverty = powerless like women and poor, more likely.
- The states power to apply or deny the label of victim: The CJ progress alters whether you are seen as a victim. E.G Police can control whether to press charges - making you a victim or not.
Criticism of Critical victimology
The ‘victim’ might become a victim through their own choices - e.g not making the house safe enough
Patterns of victimisation
Class: Poorer class more likely to be victimised
Age: Younger people seen weaker and vulnerable
Ethnicity: EM - racism from police (typification they have) and more likely to be in poverty.
Gender: Males are more likely to be victimised - gangs (70% homicides are male). Women more likely with sexual abuse.
Repeated victimisation: British crime survey - 60% of pop have NOT been victims. 4% of the pop are victims of 44% of all crimes.
Impact of victimisation
Crime can create ‘indirect’ victims - friends, family, witnesses = causing psychological harm.
