Globalisation, Green crime, Human Rights & State Crime

Question 1

AMOUNT of crime: Taylor & Winlow

Answer 1

TAYLOR -
Globalisation has allowed transnational corporations to switch manufacturing to low-wage countries, producing job insecurity, unemployment and poverty.

Globalisation has also created inequality, leading to the increase in crime due to resentment and material deprivation

WINLOW -
studied Sunderland and found that the impact of de-industrialisation has led to more crime.

This is because there is a decline in manual labour jobs - particularly for men

Question 2

TYPE of crime

Answer 2

• Arms trafficking - increasing volume of movement of goods allows more opportunities to ‘hide’ arms.
• Nuclear materials - increased volume and ease of movement of goods.
• Illegal immigration - (smuggling) organisation and global affairs have led to this increasing
• Trafficking women and children - for prostitution and slavery - ease of travel.
• Sex tourism - westerners travelling to developing countries for sex

Question 3

Global risk consciousness

Answer 3

Globalisation creates new insecurities - in which risk is seen as global rather than tied to particular places.

E.g. increased movement of people has given rise to anxieties among populations in western countries about the risks of crime and disorder and the need to protect their borders.

Question 4

McMafia: Glenny

Answer 4

GLENNY-
organisations that emerged in Russia and eastern Europe following the fall of communism.
Glenny traced the origins of transnational organised crime to the breakup of the soviet union.

Increased consumerism and liberalised rules have led to the growth of these criminal organisations, which now condone and facilitate activities such as the consumption of drugs and human trafficking around the world.

For example an accident in the nuclear industry - chernobyl, ukraine

Question 5

Anthropocentric &
ecocentric views of the environment: White

Answer 5

WHITE - Green criminologist:

Anthropocentric:
A human-centred approach. The idea that humans have the right to use (abuse) the world’s resources and dominate nature

Ecocentric:
View that humans and nature are interdependent. Both humans and the environment are liable to exploitation

Question 6

2 types of green crimes: South

Answer 6

SOUTH -

primary green crimes:
Crimes that result directly from the destruction and degradation of the earth’s resources
- air pollution
- deforestation
- species and animal abuse
- water pollution

Secondary green crimes:
Crime from flouting of rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters.

• State violence against oppositional groups - states condemn terrorism
• Hazardous waste and organised crime - disposal of toxic waste from the chemical, nuclear and other industries.
• Environmental discrimination - issues in deprived areas

Question 7

4 types of state crime: McLaughlin

Answer 7

1. Political crimes, for example corruption and censorship
2. Crimes by security and police forces, such as genocide, torture and disappearance of dissidents
3. Economic crimes, for example official violations of health and safety violations
4. Social and cultural crimes, such as institutional racism

Question 8

Growth of organised crime

Answer 8

• collapse of communism = trained security operatives being unemployed GLENNY - setting up of McMafias
• Precious resources found in areas of conflict - trading of arms for these resources
• Freedom of movement - allowing criminal networks
• International banking - money associated with criminal acts can be ‘cleared’