Control and prevention

Question 1

Situational crime prevention

Answer 1

Aims to make it harder in the first place

• bolts and bars on windows
• alarm systems
• Prevention of homeless sleepers
• Hostile architecture
• CCTV

EVAL:
displacement (only moves crime)
doesn’t deal with white collar / corporate crime
unfairly targets wc

Question 2

Environmental crime prevention

Answer 2

Improving the local area, dealing with low level crimes such as graffiti and vandalism

WILSON + KELLING Broken window thesis

Zero tolerance policing: Deal with the petty crimes in order to prevent major ones

EVAL:
deals with the symptom not the cause
displacement (only moves crime)
doesn’t deal with white collar / corporate crime
unfairly targets wc

Question 3

Social & community crime prevention

Answer 3

Deal with social inequalities which are the cause of crime

• youth groups and community centres
• parenting groups - socialisation
• increase community police officers and their reputation

EVAL:
assumes value consensus and ignores issues like relative deprivation and racism
ignores white collar/ corporate crime

Question 4

Role of the CJS

Answer 4

FUNCTIONALISTS - the role of the CJS serves the people by upholding the norms values and laws of society

MARXISTS - the CJS reflects the interests of the ruling class and seeks to defend these interests

Question 5

CJS - Ethnicity

Answer 5

PHILLIPS AND BOWLING - the cjs operates on processes and procedures that disadvantage minority groups

• Lammy Report 2017 found 25% of those in custody were from minority groups

Question 6

CJS - Gender

Answer 6

cjs is patriarchal in nature and protective over women

changing social attitudes have found women treated more harshly for ‘masculine’ offences such as drug dealing

women make up less than 5% of prisoners in the UK - 2020

Question 7

Purpose of the prison

Answer 7

• acts as a deterrent to future criminality
• incapacitates the offender and keeps them safe from offenders
• provides rehabilitation opportunities for the offender to rejoin society
• punish offenders or crimes

Question 8

Durkheim - prison

Answer 8

two forms of punishment in society:

1. Retributive punishment - punishments as a form of vengeance for crimes
2. Restitutive - allowing the criminal to make amendments for their crime - become a functioning member of society in future

Question 9

Marxism - prison

Answer 9

ALTHUSSER and the Repressive State Apparatus - prison is a form of formal control for those who don’t conform

punishment often serves interests of the ruling class with labour in prisons performed on behalf of private companies

Question 10

Foucault - prison

Answer 10

Movement from physical to psychological punishment of individuals

Surveillance in prison becomes a form of self-discipline where individuals come to regulate their own behaviours

Question 11

Garland - prison

Answer 11

Late modern society has changed the role of the state in punishment

• Adaptive response: identifying risk groups and aiming to intervene at early stage
• Expressive strategy: changing perception of crime as less threatening
• Sovereign state strategy: mass incarceration

Question 12

Evaluations of prisons as forms of punishment

Answer 12

Over representation of prisoners - Lammy report of 25% of prisoners from BME

Reoffending rate still high - does it rehabilitate properly?

Has imprisonment become an industry for private companies?

Other methods proving more reliable? = restorative justice