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Crime and Deviance > Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime > Flashcards

Globalisation, green crime, human rights & state crime Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term globalisation

A

The increasing interconnectedness of societies

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2
Q

What are 3 causes of globalisation

A
  1. Communication technologies
  2. Global mass media
  3. Cheap air travel
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3
Q

What does Castells argue as a result of globalisation?

A

There is now a global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum

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4
Q

What are 5 different types of global crimes?

A
  • Arms trafficking
  • Smuggling of illegal immigrants
  • Trafficking in women and children
  • Cyber crimes
  • The drugs trade
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5
Q

Why are poorer countries more likely to supply drugs?

A
  • Drug cultivation in poor countries is an attractive option that requires little investments and commands high prices compared with traditional crops
  • 20% of Colombia’s population depend on cocaine production for their livelihood
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6
Q

What is the global ‘risk consciousness’?

A
  • The idea that globalisation creates new insecurities giving rise to anxieties about the risks of crime and the need to protect their borders
  • Negative coverage of immigrants has led to hate crimes against minorities in many countries
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7
Q

What is Taylor’s view on globalisation and crime?

A

Globalisation has given free rein to market forces which has led to rising crime rates at both ends of the social spectrum

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8
Q

What is a result of global risk consciousness?

A
  • Intensification of social control at national level
  • UK has toughened its border control regulations, eg fining airlines if they bring in undocumented passengers and no legal limits on how long someone may be held in immigration detention
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9
Q

Briefly explain how globalisation changes patterns of work

A
  • Allowed transnational corporations to switch manufacturing to low-wage countries producing job insecurity
  • Deregulation means countries have no control over their own economies
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10
Q

Explain how the impacts of globalisation encourage the poor to turn to crime.

A
  • Lack of legitimate job opportunities destroys self respect and drives the unemployed to look for illegitimate work opportunities
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11
Q

Explain how globalisation creates opportunities for crime for elite groups.

A
  • Deregulation of financial markets has created
    opportunities for insider trading and the movement of funds around the globe to avoid taxation
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12
Q

What are the negative impacts of transnational bodies such as the European Union?

A

Offered opportunities for fraudulent claims for subsidies

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13
Q

What do Rothe and Friedrichs look at?

A
  • Examine the role of international financial organisations such as the IMF and the World Bank in what they call ‘crimes of globalisation’
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14
Q

How does the IMF and the World Bank contribute to ‘crimes of globalisation’?

A
  • Impose ‘structural adjustment programmes’ on poor countries as a condition for the loans they provide
  • These programmes often require governments to cut spending on health and education and privatise publicly-owned services
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15
Q

How does Rothe et al argue that SAPs creates conditions for crimes?

A

The programme imposed on Rwanda caused mass unemployment and created the economic basis for the 1994 Rwanda genocide

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16
Q

According to Cain, how do the IMF and World Bank cause widespread social harms?

A

They act as a ‘global state’ and, while they may not break any laws, their actions can cause widespread social harms both directly and indirectly

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17
Q

According to Hobbs and Dunningham, how is crime organised and how does this link to changes brought about by globalisation?

A
  • Changes associated with globalisation have led to changes in patterns of crime, for example the shift from a large-scale hierarchical gang structure to loose flexible network
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18
Q

What does Hobbs and Dunningham mean by crime being a ‘glocal’ system?

A

Locally based but with global connections
- For example individuals still need local contacts and networks to find opportunities to sell drugs

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19
Q

Which organisations does Glenny refer to as McMafia?

A

The organisations that emerged in Russia and Eastern Europe following the fall of communism

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20
Q

According to Glenny, what are the origins of transnational organised crime?

A

The break-up of the Soviet Union after 1989, which coincided with the deregulation of global markets

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21
Q

Briefly explain how the collapse of communism enabled Russian ‘oligarchs’ to emerge.

A
  • Following the fall of communism, the Russian government deregulated most sectors of the economy except for natural resources
  • Thus anyone with access to funds could buy up oil, gas, diamonds etc for next to nothing. Selling them abroad at an astronomical profit
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22
Q

Why did Russia’s capitalists need help from mafias?

A
  • The country was experiencing a period of disorder, they needed to find protection for their wealth and a means of moving it out the country
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23
Q

Define green crime

A

Crime against the environment

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24
Q

How can green crime be linked to globalisation? Give an example.

A

Regardless of the division of the world into separate nation-states, the planet is a single eco-system, and threats to the eco-system are increasingly global rather than merely local in nature.
- E.g. atmospheric pollution from industry in one country can turn into acid rain that falls in another

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25
Q

What does ‘global risk society’ mean?

A
  • Most of the threats to human well-being and the eco-system are now human made rather than natural
  • The major risks we now face are now of our own making
26
Q

Why does Beck describe the ‘global risk society’ as global rather than local in nature?

A
  • In today’s late modern society we can now provide adequate resources for all
  • The massive increase in productivity and the technology that sustains it have created new ‘manufactures risks’
  • These risks involve harm such as climate change
27
Q

How did global warming cause food insecurity in Mozambique?

A
  • Russia experienced one of the hottest heatwave in a century causing wildfires that destroyed parts of the country’s grain belt
  • This resulted in Russia introducing export bans and pushing prices up
  • Mozambique that relies heavily on food imports sparked rioting and looting food stores leaving dozens dead
28
Q

How does traditional criminology answer global warming caused by pollution that is legal?

A
  • They are not concerned with such behaviour as no laws has been broken
  • It only investigates its patterns and causes of law breaking
29
Q

How are traditional criminologists criticised?

A

Accepting official definitions of environmental problems and crimes which are often shaped by powerful groups to serve their own interests

30
Q

How does green criminology answer global warming caused by pollution that is legal?What does White (2008) say?

A
  • Take a more radical approach, starts from the notion of harm rather than criminal law
  • White argues that the proper subject is any action that causes harm even if no law is broken
31
Q

How is green criminology a form of transgressive criminology also known as zemiology?

A
  • It oversteps (transgresses) the boundaries of traditional criminology
  • Also known as zemiology which is the study of harm
  • If different countries have different laws then legal definitions cannot provide a consistent standard of harm
32
Q

What does White mean by an anthropocentric or human-centred view of environmental harm?

A

This view assumes that humans have a right to dominate nature for their own ends and puts economic growth before the environment

33
Q

What does White mean by an ecocentric view?

A
  • Sees humans and their environment as interdependent
  • Finds inherent value in nature
34
Q

What is primary and secondary green crimes classified by South?

A

Primary green crime - crimes that result directly from the destruction and degradation of the earth’s resources
Secondary green crime - grows out of flouting of rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters

35
Q

What are 4 primary green crimes?

A
  1. Crimes of air pollution
  2. Crimes of deforestation
  3. Crimes of species decline and animal abuse
  4. Crimes of water pollution
36
Q

What are 3 secondary green crimes?

A
  1. State violence against oppositional groups
  2. Hazardous waste and organised crime
  3. Environmental discrimination
37
Q

What’s an example of hazardous waste crime?

A
  • Western businesses ship their waste to be processed in poorer countries where costs are lower
  • Rosoff et al note the cost of legitimately disposing of toxic waste in the USA about $2500 a ton where some poorer countries will dispose of it for $3 a ton
38
Q

How does Green and Ward define state crime?

A

‘Illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by or with the complicity of state agencies’

39
Q

What are 2 reasons for the state crime being the most serious forms of crime?

A
  1. The scale of state crime - the states enormous power gives it the potential to inflict harm on a huge scale (Green and Ward cite a figure of 262 million people murdered by governments in the 20th century)
  2. The state is the source of law - its power means it can conceal its crimes, making it difficult for external authorities such as the UN to intervene
40
Q

What 4 categories of state crime does McLaughlin identify?

A
  1. Political crime - corruption
  2. Crimes by security and police forces - genocide/torture
  3. Economic crimes - official violations of health safety laws
  4. Social and cultural crimes - institutional racism
41
Q

What happened in Rwanda’s genocide 1994?

A
  • Rwanda became a Belgian colony and the Belgians ‘ethnicised’ two groups issuing them with racial identity card and educated them separately
  • The Hutus and Tutsis were not separate ethnic groups, Tutsis owned livestock whilst Hutus didn’t
  • Once Rwanda gained independence elections brought the Hutus to power an escalating economic and political crisis led to civil war, in a hundred days 800,000 Tutsis were slaughtered
42
Q

Who distinguishes between ‘state-initiated’ and ‘state facilitated’ corporate crime?

A

Kramer and Michalowski

43
Q

How was The Challenger space shuttle disaster an example of ‘state-initiated’ corporate crime?

A
  • This occurs when states initiate, direct or approve corporate crime
  • In this case of Challenger, risky, negligent and cost cutting decisions by the state agency NASA and the corporation led to the explosion killing 7 astronauts 73 seconds into space
  • Happened due to the result of faulty decision making on the part of government safety experts at NASA and technical advisors and engineers
44
Q

How was The Deepwater Horizon oil rig disaster an example of ‘state-facilitated’ corporate crime?

A
  • This occurs when states fail to regulate and control corporate behaviour
  • The rig, leased by BP, exploded and sank killing 11 workers and causing the largest accidental oil spill in history
  • While it resulted from the decisions by the companies involved, government regulators had failed to oversee the industry adequately
45
Q

What are illegal wars?

A
  • Under international law in all cases other than self defence, war can only be declared by the UN Security Council
  • Kramer and Michalowski argue that to justify the invasion of Iraq as self defence the USA and UK made the false claim that the Iraqis possessed weapons of mass destruction
46
Q

What are crimes committed during war or its aftermath?

A
  • Whyte describes the USA’s led invasion of Iraq in which was constitution was illegally changed so the economy could be privatised
  • Iraqi oil revenues were seized to pay for ‘reconstruction’, in 2004 alone over $48 billion went to US firms
  • Poor oversight by the occupying powers meant it is unclear where much of this went
47
Q

What is an example of a law that allows the state to commit harmful acts?

A

German Nazi passed a law permitting it to compulsorily sterilise the disabled

48
Q

How does Michalowski define state crime?

A

Not just illegal acts but ‘legally permissible acts who consequences are similar to those of illegal acts’

49
Q

How do labelling theorists define state crime?

A
  • Depends on whether the social audience for that act defines it as a crime, this recognises that state crime is socially constructed
  • It is unclear who is supposed to be the relevant audience that defines whether a state crime has been committed
50
Q

How is state crime defined in terms of social harms and zemiology?

A
  • Hillyard et al argue that we should take a much wider view of state wrongdoing, we should replace the study of crimes with zemiology
  • This definition prevents states from ruling themselves ‘out of court’ creating a single standard
  • Critics argue a harms definition is too vague
51
Q

How is state crime defined in terms of domestic law?

A
  • States have the power to make laws and so they can avoid criminalising their own actions
52
Q

How do sociologists base their definition of state crime on international law?

A
  • Law created through treaties and agreements between states
  • Has the advantage of being intentionally designed to deal with state crime
53
Q

What is a major criticism of international law made by Strand and Tuman?

A
  • Japan has sought to overturn the international ban on whaling by concentrating its foreign aid on impoverished ‘micro-states’
  • This is to bribe them to vote against the ban
54
Q

How is state crime defined in terms of human rights?

A
  • Julia and Schwendinger argue we should define state crime as the violation of people’s basic human rights
  • Schwendingers also agree and believes its an example of transgressive criminology
55
Q

What does Risse et al argue as an advantage of defining state crime in terms of human rights?

A
  • Virtually all states care about their human rights image as it makes them susceptible to shaming
56
Q

How was the Irish famine an example of denying human rights and state crime?

A

The state knowingly permitted the export of food from a famine area

57
Q

What is the ‘authoritarian personality’ that Adorno et al identifies to explain state crime?

A
  • Includes a willingness to obey the orders of superiors without question (many Germans had authoritarian personality due to the disciplinarian socialisation)
  • It is often thought that people who carry out torture and genocide must be psychopaths, research suggests there it little psychological difference between them and ‘normal’ people
58
Q

What is crime of obedience?

A
  • State crimes are often crimes of conformity since they require obedience to a higher authority
  • Research suggests that many people are willing to obey authority even when this involves harm, they focus on the social conditions in which atrocities become acceptable/required
59
Q

What does Green and Ward suggest on how to overcome crime of obedience?

A
  • In order to overcome norms against the use of cruelty, individuals who become torturers need to be re-socialised, trained and exposed to propaganda on ‘the enemy’
60
Q

From a study of the My Lai massacre in Vietnam where American soldiers killed 400 civilians, Kelman and Hamilton identify what 3 features that produce crimes of obedience?

A

Authorisation - when acts are ordered or approved by those in authority
Routinisation - once the crime has been committed, there is strong pressure to turn the act into a routine that individuals perform in a detached manner
Dehumanisation - when the enemy is portrayed as sub-human, normal principles of mortality does not apply

61
Q

What 4 key features does Zygmunt identify that made the Holocaust possible?

A
  1. A division of labour - each person was responsible for just one small task, so no one felt personally responsible
  2. Bureaucratisation - normalised the killing by making it a repetitive, rule governed and routine ‘job’
  3. Instrumental rationality - where rational, efficient methods are used to achieve a goal
  4. Science and technology - from the railways transporting victims to the death camps, to the industrially produced gas

Crime and Deviance (9 decks)

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