globalisation, green crime and state crime Flashcards
What is the definition of globalisation?
- the process in which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange
What crimes have been affected by globalisation?
- arms trafficking
- trafficking nuclear materials
- sex tourism
- smuggling illegal migrants
- trafficking women and children
- green crimes
How has globalisation impacted arms trafficking?
- increasing volume of movement of goods allows more opportunities to ‘hide’ arms
How has globalisation impacted the trafficking of nuclear materials?
- increasing volume and increasing ease of movement of goods, especially from former communist countries
How has globalisation affected the smuggling of illegal immigrants?
- organisational and global affairs
How has globalisation impacted the trafficking of women and children?
- increased ease of travel, and increasing numbers of migration making them easier to ‘be missed’
How has globalisation impacted sex tourism?
- technology and cheaper travel lead people going to different countries for sex
What does Taylor believe about globalisation?
- led to inequality
- therefore leading to higher crime rates
What does Winlow believe about globalisation?
- deindustrialisation led to more crime
- masculinity has to be found in other ways e.g fighting
What did the IMF and World bank allegedly do?
- allegedly caused the Rwandan genocide
- also led to conditions which started the Congo war
What’s the problem with using the term ‘green crime’?
- crimes are acts/behaviours which break written rules.
- some green crimes don’t break written rules so it’s debateable whether or not they count as crimes
- laws are often decided by individual countries and green crimes often impact multiple
What do green criminologists think?
- they are more environmentally concerned
- if something harms the environment, criminologists should be interested in it as crime
What do traditional criminologists think?
- criminologists should only be interested in environmental issues if they break written laws
What does green criminologist White believe?
- anthropocentric
- ecocentric
What does an anthropocentric approach mean?
- human centered approach.
- humans have the right to use the world’s resorurces and dominate nature
What does an ecocentric approach mean?
- the view that humans and nature are interdependent
- humans and nature are liable to exploitation
What are South’s two types of green crime?
- primary green crime
- secondary green crime
What is primary green crime?
- crime that results directly from the destruction and degradation of the Earth’s resources
What is secondary green crime?
- crime that results directly from flouting rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters
What are some examples of primary green crime?
- crimes of air pollution
- crimes of deforestation
- crimes of species decline and animal abuse
- crimes of water pollution
What are some examples of secondary green crime?
- state violence against oppositional groups
- hazardous waste and organised crime
What is environmental discrimination?
- South’s argument that the poorest people are worst affected by green crime
What A03s are there for green crime?
- the focus on harm, rather than on breaking written law, makes it a difficult area to research
What are some problems with defining state crimes?
- labelling theorists believe the term ‘state crime’ is a social construct
- what counts as a state crime is different depending on who/when/where you ask the question
What are four explanations for state crime?
- the authoritarian personality
- crimes of obedience
- modernity
- culture of denial
What is the authoritarian personality?
- most people find it incredibly easy to obey orders from authority
- people don’t have to be psychopaths to carry out torture
What are crimes of obedience?
- if an order comes from authority, people obey it regardless of whether it breaks a norm (authorisation)
- once it’s been committed, there’s pressure for it to become routine and detached (routinisation)
- the enemy may be portrayed as sub-human, so normal morality does not apply (dehumanisation)
How does modernity explain state crime?
- division of labour (people only do one job)
- bureaucratisation (turning killing into a job)
- instrumental rationality (obsession with reaching goals)
- science and technology (railways and gas chambers)
What is the culture of denial?
- stage one – state says it didn’t happen
- stage two – if it did happen it was something else
- stage three – even if it did happen it was justified
What is an evaluation to the argument that modernity causes state crimes?
- war crimes are not a modern concept
