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Edexcel A Level Geography > Globalisation EQ2 - Impacts of globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation EQ2 - Impacts of globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the ‘global shift’?

A

The global shift is the relocating of the global economic centre of gravity to Asia from Europe and North America, over the last 30 years

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2
Q

Why has there been a global shift?

A

It has been driven by improvements in transport and communications, plus the lowering of trade barriers and economic liberalisation, opening up to FDI. Labour-intensive manufacturing was attracted to Asia by the large amounts of workers willing to work for low wage rates

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3
Q

What are the the major economic, social and environmental changes associated with globalisation in Asia?

A
  • poverty reduction and waged work
  • education and training
  • environment and resource pressure
  • infrastructure, the built environment and unplanned settlements
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4
Q

Why have US and UK businesses outsourced so much work to India?

A

Many Indians are fluent English speakers, giving them a comparative advantage for call centre services
Broadband capacity is unusually high in the city of Bangladore, it is a long established technology hub

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5
Q

What are the costs of global outsourcing of services to India?

A
  • some business process workers report they are exploited
  • work can be high repetitive
  • huge gap between rich and poor (80 million living in extreme poverty)
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6
Q

What are the benefits of global outsourcing of services to India?

A
  • Indian call centre workers earn good middle class wages by Indian standards
  • Indian outsourcing companies have become extremely profitable
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7
Q

What are the costs of global outsourcing of manufacturing to China?

A
  • in early years, many workers exploited in sweatshops
  • environment continues to suffer greatly, air pollution reduces Chinese life expectancy by 5 years
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8
Q

What are the benefits of global outsourcing of manufacturing to China?

A
  • people enjoying large income gains, can afford smartphones and car ownerships grown to 1 in 5
  • trasnfer of technology, meaning local compaines have adopted tech and management techniques brought to China by TNCs
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9
Q

What are the benefits of the global shift?

A
  • infrastructure investment
  • waged work
  • poverty reduction
  • education and training
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10
Q

What are the costs of the global shift?

A
  • loss of productive land
  • unplanned settlements
  • environmental and resource pressure
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11
Q

What are the major environmental problems facing communities in developing countries as a result of global shift?

A
  • air and water pollution
  • land degradation
  • over exploitation of resources
  • loss of biodiversity
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12
Q

What are some examples of environmental challenges for communities in developing countries as a result of global shift?

A

Ivory Coast - tens of thousands of Ivorians suffered ill health after toxic waste alleged to produce hydrogen sulphide dumped by ship in employ of Dutch TNC Trafigura in 2006
Indonesia - deforestation of 13 million hectares of rainforest due to demand for palm oil plantations, biodiversity suffers as a result

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13
Q

What is deindustrialisation?

A

The decline of regionally important manufacturing industries

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14
Q

What are the challenges of deindustrialisation as a result of global shift?

A
  • high unemployment
  • rising crime rates
  • depopulation
  • dereliction
  • contamination
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15
Q

What is an internal migrant?

A

Someone who moves from place to place inside the borders of a country - most commonly from rural to urban areas.

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16
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas

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17
Q

What is an economic migrant?

A

A migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment

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18
Q

What is a refugee?

A

People who are forced to flee their homes due to persecution

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19
Q

What is natural increase?

A

The difference between a society’s crude birth rate and crude death rate

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20
Q

What are intervening obstacles?

A

Barriers to a migrant such as a political border or physical feature

21
Q

What is centripetal migration?

A

The movement of people directed towards the centre of urban areas

22
Q

What are some urban pull factors?

A
  • employment (the hope of promotion and advancement into professional roles that are non existent in rural areas)
  • better schooling
  • better healthcare
23
Q

What are some rural push factors?

A
  • poverty, aggravated by population growth
  • agricultural modernisation and mechanisation
  • resource scarcity
24
Q

How do shrinking world technologies contribute to rural to urban migration?

A
  • rural dwellers gain knowledge of the outside world and it’s opportunities
  • people become ‘switched on’ as knowledge is shared
  • transport improvements remove intervening obstacles to migration
25
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A city with a population of 10 million or more

26
Q

What is an example of a megacity facing social and environmental challenges?

A

Mumbai, population exceeding 20 mil in 2020 (growth to 25 mil by 2025)
Social = 20,000 small factories and sweatshops in Dharavi, 10 people die each day on train lines
Environ = water pollution

27
Q

How is environmental sustainability challenging in megacities?

A

Water pollution from untreated sewage, and air pollution from industry or exhausts creates challenges for city planners.

28
Q

How is social sustainability challenging in megacities?

A

Provision of adequate urban housing, health care and education is a major challenge for planners in developing countries. Mass migration is causing exponential population growth.

29
Q

What is a global hub?

A

A highly globally connected city, or the home region of a globally connected community. A settlement or region that has become a focal point for business activities witha global influence

30
Q

What are elite international migrants?

A

Highly skilled and/or socially influential individuals - their wealth derives form their profession or inherited assets
E.g. migration of Russian oligarchs to UK via investing in London property and sending their children to elite private schools

31
Q

What are low waged international migrants?

A

Migrants who work for a low income with little skill e.g. India to UAE - 2015, 27% of UAE population was from India

32
Q

What natural resources can help a global hub to develop?

A

Oil resources, physical factors aiding the growth of industry, coastline ideal for trade, strategic location to encourage investment

33
Q

What human resources can help global hubs to develop?

A

Large labour force, skilled labour (e.g. universities), affluence, languages spoken

34
Q

What are the benefits of migration to a host region?

A
  • fills particular skills shortages
  • economic migrants willing to do labouring work that locals don’t want to
  • migrants pay tax
  • migrants can start up businesses
35
Q

What are the costs of migration to the host nation?

A
  • social tensions arise due to migrant controversy
  • political parties change policies to address public concerns
  • new markets develop for ethnic food, bringing tension
36
Q

What are benefits of migration to a source region?

A
  • migrant remittances contribute to national earnings
  • less public spending on housing and health
  • migrants may return with new skills
  • government spending costs transferred to new region
37
Q

What are the costs of migration to a source region?

A
  • economic loss of a generation of human resources
  • reduced economic growth as consumption falls
  • increased proportion of aged dependents
  • closure of urban services and entertainment
  • brain drain
38
Q

What is interdependency?

A

When two countries depends on the economic health of each other for its own continued well being

39
Q

What is cultural imperialism?

A

The practice of promoting the culture/language of one nation in another

40
Q

What is a soft power?

A

The global influence a country derives from it’s culture, political values and diplomacy

41
Q

What factors help to explain the emergence of a Western-influenced ‘global culture’?

A

TNCs - the global dispersal of food, clothes and other goods by TNCs shapes a common culture
Global media
Migration and tourism - brings enormous cultural change to places, during age of empires Europeans forced their language and customs on people in other countries

42
Q

What is cultural diffusion?

A

The spread of culture from one group of people to another

43
Q

What is cultural erosion?

A

Cultural erosion is the process of a country or region losing it’s traditional elements due to outside influences

44
Q

What are the positives of westernised global culture?

A
  • tends to improve opportunities for traditionally disadvantaged and discriminated groups such as women, disabled and LGBT
  • global media coverage of events such as the Paralympics may erode prejudice in developing countries
45
Q

What are the negatives of a westernised global culture?

A
  • spread of western diet linked to rising obesity and diabetes in many emerging countries (e.g., per capita meat consumption has increased tenfold in Asia in 1990s due to Westernisation)
  • fast food consumer culture is extremely wasteful, linked to deforestation and excessive water use
46
Q

What is a cultural landscape?

A

The landscape of a place that has been shaped over time in characteristic ways by the combined action of natural and human processes

47
Q

How do some areas protect their cultural identity from globalisation forces?

A

UNESCO World Heritage Site List - UN gives special recognition to places that have unique cultural or physical significance so that policies can be established to protect from too much change
China - censorship through ‘great firewall of China’ prevents users from using BBC or Facebook services, strict quota of 34 foreign films a year
France - French gov supportive of French filmmakers, subsidises works filmed in French lang. 40% of tv output must consist of French productions, French language music heavily promoted on radio

48
Q

How has the spread of global culture lead to new awareness for disadvantaged groups?

A

Global media turns Paralympic Games into one of the world’s biggest sporting events by celebrating physical achievements of elite athletes with disabilities
Pride marches/month leads to awareness for LGBTQ+ community

49
Q

How has cultural erosion impacted tribal lifestyles in Papua New Guinea?

A

7000 different cultural groups, by 2014 1 in 4 languages were being lost
Due to: migration to urban areas and increased awareness of Western cultures and lifestyles (e.g., wearing t shirts)

Edexcel A Level Geography (27 decks)

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