Globalisation And Migration Flashcards
1
Q
What are TNCs
A
Large transnational corporations, that are companies that operate in different countries
2
Q
What are regional economic and trading blocs
A
A group of countries drawn together by trade agreements promoting free trade between them e.g. the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
3
Q
What is globalisation
A
A primarily economic process by which the countries of the world are being gradually drawn into a single global economy or market
4
Q
What does globalisation result in
A
Countries becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependent, this means that economic decisions and economic activity in one part of the world can have important effects on what happens in other parts of the world
5
Q
What has changed about globalisation in recent decades
A
The scale of international trading and of the other economic links
6
Q
What four significant developments have helped to scale up the scale of international trading and of the other economic links
A
- Emergence of TNCs
- Growth of regional or economic trading blocs
- Development of modern transport networks (air, land and sea)
- Advances in information and communication technology (ICT)
7
Q
How is modern transport networks significant for globalisation
A
The development of modern transport networks (air, land and sea) to become capable of moving people and commodities quickly and relatively cheaply. Air travel has made physical distances worldwide much less significant, causing a ‘shrinking world’. Ocean transport and containerisation has sped up the global movement of goods
8
Q
How has advances in information and communication technology influenced globalisation
A
The use of computers and software allow the faster management, processing and communication of information
9
Q
What is the outcome of the developments in globalisation
A
Today’s global economy i.e. almost all of the countries of the world (both HICs and LICs) becoming increasingly economically interdependent. This has been driven by the international spread of capitalism
10
Q
What is capitalism
A
An economic system in which the means of production of goods or services are privately owned and operated for a profit
11
Q
What is the five different forms of flow for the global economy
A
- Trade
- Aid
- Foreign Investment
- Labour
- Information
12
Q
What is evidence of the global economy
A
- Production chains (also commodity or supply chains). They consist of a number of stages (often in many different countries) involved in the making of a particular product. At each stage, value if added to the emerging product
- Call centres for HIC countries are now largely located in LICs and Emerging Economies such as India, the Philippines and Thailand
13
Q
What is the role of global institutions
A
Large influence over the workings of the global economy like Transnational (TNCs) & Multinational Corporations and:
- World Trade Organisation (WTO)*
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)*
Both of these play an important role in global trade and foreign investment
* Inter-Governmental Organisations (IGOs)
- World Bank
- Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)
These two tend to focus on development aid
14
Q
Impacts of globalisation
A
Overall, the world has got significantly richer during period of modern globalisation. However, with TNCs focused on maximising profits, their actions can often be exploitive - ignoring environmental and social impacts. The development gap between the world’s richest and poorest - the world’s richest 1% own 44% of the world’s wealth
15
Q
Pros of globalisation
A
- Inward investment
- TNCs bring wealth and foreign currency to local economies where they buy local resources, products and services
- Increases awareness of events in faraway parts of the world
- Makes people more aware of global issues
16
Q
Cons of globalisation
A
- No guarantees that the wealth from inward investment will benefit the local community
- Often profits are sent back to the HIC where the TNC is based
- TNCs may drive local companies out of business
- Absence or strictly enforced international laws means TNCs may operate in LICs in a way that’s not allowed in HICs, they may pollute the environment, run risks with safety or impose poor working conditions and low wages on local workers
- Viewed as a threat to the world’s cultural diversity, it’s feared that it might drown down local economies, traditions and languages and simply recast the world in the mould of the capitalist HICs
17
Q
What is inward investment
A
Inward investment (e.g. building facilities, services and infrastructure) by TNCs helps countries by providing new jobs and skills for local people
18
Q
Pros of globalisation explained
A
- The extra money created by investment from TNCs of local resources, products and services can be spent on education, health and infrastructure. The sharing of ideas, experiences and lifestyles of people and cultures
- The increased awareness of global events like the 2004 tsunami where the UK was made aware of the situation and sent help rapidly in response
- Makes people more aware of global issues like deforestation and global warming and alert them to the need for sustainable development
19
Q
What is birth rate
A
The number of live births in a population per year per 1000 population
20
Q
What is death rate
A
The number of deaths in a population per year per 1000 population
21
Q
What is natural change
A
The balance between birth rate and death rate in a population per year
22
Q
What is net migration
A
The balance between the number of people entering and the number of people leaving a country or region
23
Q
What is circulation
A
This includes all temporary absences from a permanent residence. These tend to be subdivided as daily, weekly or seasonal circulation. This might also include travel for medical treatment
24
Q
What is migration
A
Although definitions of a migrant vary from country, they all involve a permanent change in residence
25
What is voluntary migration
This occurs when people choose to either to move inside their country (internal) or to emigrate to another country (international)
26
What is the main reason for voluntary migration
Employment — Higher wages — Higher quality of life
- We class these as economic migrants
In developing and emerging countries this has seen a large rural-to-urban migration. E.g. China -281.7m rural-to-urban migrants in China in 2016 alone
Whereas in HICs the trend has been in the other direction - counterurbanisation - as people seek a higher quality of life outside of the cities
27
What is forced migration
Occurs when people have to move from where they live i.e. they have no choice
28
What are the main reasons for forced migration
- Natural Hazards
- Most commonly - War & Persecution
Many recent wars have been civil wars - factions within a country fighting one another
In some cases, this has been in an effort to force out or eradicate an entire ethnic group - a process known as ethnic cleansing
29
What is a person of concern
- Refugee
- Asylum Seeker
- Internally-Displaced Person (IDP)
30
What is a refugee
A person who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted, lives outside their country of nationality
31
What is an asylum seeker
A refugee who has applied to become a citizen of the country where they have sought protection
32
What is an Internally-Displaced Person (IDP)
A person forced to flee their home for the same reasons as a refugee or to escape natural disasters, but they do not cross an internationally recognised border
33
What is a returnee
A refugee or asylum seeker who has voluntarily returned to their original country of origin, or an IDP who has returned home
34
What’s migration usually a decision from the outcome of
Balancing push and pull factors
35
What are push and pull factors in context of migration
A push factor would be a cause to leave and the pull factor being something attractive about an alternative location.
Often, they are the mirror of each other e.g. no jobs versus plentiful jobs
36
37
Case Study A: Voluntary, International (A male aged 30 who has decided to move from Bangladesh to the UK to join some cousins who migrated to Bradford over five years ago) What is the impact on the migrant?
- Needs to adjust to a very different type of society
- Better housing; more to do
- A sense of excitement and possible opportunities
- Becomes aware of ethnic discrimination
38
Case Study A: Voluntary, International (A male aged 30 who has decided to move from Bangladesh to the UK to join some cousins who migrated to Bradford over five years ago) What is the impact on the new location?
- Finds menial work in a restaurant selling Indian food
- Another person to share a room in his cousin’s house
- Adds to the number of Bangladeshis concentrated in a particular part of the city
39
Case Study A: Voluntary, International (A male aged 30 who has decided to move from Bangladesh to the UK to join some cousins who migrated to Bradford over five years ago) What is the impact on the old location?
- One less person depending on informal employment
- One less person living in the crowded family home
- Remittances are a welcome addition to the family income
- More members of the family may be encouraged to make the move
40
Case Study B: Voluntary, National (A Belgian couple making a retirement move from a city to a coastal resort) What is the impact on the migrants?
- Need to adjust to a different living environment and perhaps a smaller dwelling
- Finding things to do in the new leisure time
- Challenge of making new friends, perhaps joining clubs and societies
41
Case Study B: Voluntary, National (A Belgian couple making a retirement move from a city to a coastal resort) What is the impact on the new location?
- Adds to the ageing profile of the population
- More strain on healthcare services
- Perhaps adding to the body of voluntary workers
42
Case Study B: Voluntary, National (A Belgian couple making a retirement move from a city to a coastal resort) What is the impact on the old location?
- A dwelling released for a younger family to occupy
- Friends and family left behind
43
Case Study C: Voluntary, Rural-Urban (A young married couple, with one young child, who have decided to leave their rural home in the north of Kenya to find a new life in Nairobi) What is the impact on the migrants?
- Unfamiliarity with the new surroundings and the urban way of life
- Struggle to find housing and a job
- Become victims of urban poverty
- Perhaps feelings of regret that they moved
44
Case Study C: Voluntary, Rural-Urban (A young married couple, with one young child, who have decided to leave their rural home in the north of Kenya to find a new life in Nairobi) What is the impact on the new location?
- Another family trying to find shelter in a squatter settlement
- Another family on the streets and involved in informal employment
45
Case Study C: Voluntary, Rural-Urban (A young married couple, with one young child, who have decided to leave their rural home in the north of Kenya to find a new life in Nairobi) What is the impact on the old location?
- Loss of young able-bodied labour
- Adds to the ‘ageing’ population
- Likely to encourage more people to make the move
46
Case Study D: Forced, International (A young widow and her 2 year old daughter who fled the civil war in Syria and who have been accepted as refugees in Germany) What is the impact on the immigrants?
- The horrors and hazards of the journey which is a highly risky sea crossing from Turkey to Greece; extortion by people traffickers
- Having to adjust to a very different type of society
47
Case Study D: Forced, International (A young widow and her 2 year old daughter who fled the civil war in Syria and who have been accepted as refugees in Germany) What is the impact on the new location?
- Two more refugees among hundreds of thousands to be provided with housing and support
- Rising hostility to increasing number of refugees
- Positive impacts for host countries who accept refugees e.g. increased labour force
48
Case Study D: Forced, International (A young widow and her 2 year old daughter who fled the civil war in Syria and who have been accepted as refugees in Germany) What is the impact on the old location?
- Family and friends left behind
- Two fewer people at risk in the fighting and bombing
- Decreased labour force
49
Case Study E: Forced, National (A family in Ethiopia forced to move by the spread of the Sahel and starvation) What is the impact on the migrants?
- The anxiety of finding a new location where they might settle
- Hunger
- Fatigue of journey on foot in search of a new location
50
Case Study E: Forced, National (A family in Ethiopia forced to move by the spread of the Sahel and starvation) What is the impact on the new location?
- Hostile attitudes of food producers
- More mouths to be fed by the same amount of overworked land
51
Case Study E: Forced, National (A family in Ethiopia forced to move by the spread of the Sahel and starvation) What is the impact on the old location?
- Reduction in population numbers may create an opportunity for the location to recover some of its fertility
52
Case Study F: Forced, Rural-Urban (A Chinese family (two adults and one teenage child) whose rural home is one of many thousands about to be flooded to create one of the reservoirs of the SNWTP) What is the impact on the migrants?
- The trauma of being uprooted from home area and losing home
- The loss of the sense of belonging to a local community
53
Case Study F: Forced, Rural-Urban (A Chinese family (two adults and one teenage child) whose rural home is one of many thousands about to be flooded to create one of the reservoirs of the SNWTP) What is the impact on the new location?
- Another family to find housing in an already overcrowded city
54
Case Study F: Forced, Rural-Urban (A Chinese family (two adults and one teenage child) whose rural home is one of many thousands about to be flooded to create one of the reservoirs of the SNWTP) What is the impact on the old location?
- The abandonment of another family home and farmstead
55
When did UK open its doors to immigrants, where from, and why
- Soon after WWII (1945)
- Mainly from Caribbean and what had been the Indian Empire (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh)
- UK had a serious shortage of labour as so many people were killed/injured in the war
- The post war reconstruction of bomb damage created a huge demand for labour so all Commonwealth (ex-colonial) citizens had free entry into the UK
56
By 1971 how many Commonwealth immigrants were in the UK and what did the government do
- Over 1 million
- The government decided that was enough so introduced controls to reduce the amount of immigrant arrivals
57
What is the trend of immigrants entering the UK during 1971 and 1991
Despite the controls on immigration during 1970s and 1980s, the comparison of data from 1971 and 1991 clearly shows an increase of immigrants
58
What happened to UK in 1990s and what did it coincide with
- In the 1990s, the UK found itself short of labour again
- It coincided with the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe
- Released huge numbers of people looking for work and a decent wage
59
What happened with the EU in UK about immigration?
- Influx of workers into the UK was given a boost in 2004 when Eastern European states of the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia joined the EU. These economic migrants intended to stay until they had made enough money to go home, few intended to stay permanently. Well over half of the migrants came from Poland, the vast majority of them young and single, with over 80% aged 18 to 34
60
What happened with the EU in 2016 with immigration in UK
- Net immigration was 300 000 people per year, control of immigration was a key issue
- UK wanted more control of their affairs from EU as it was only able to control number of immigrants from outside EU
- People from EU countries will no longer have the right to freely enter the UK after UK led EU, so UK government will better monitor immigration
61
Post Brexit plans: UK Points-Based Immigration System
- From January 202, free movement ended and UK introduced a points-based immigration system
- Treats EU and non-EU citizens equally
- Anyone coming to UK for work must meet a specific set of requirements for which they will score points
- Visas are awarded to those who gain enough points
62
UK Points-Based Immigration System: Skilled Worker Route
- Total of 70 points needed to be able to work in UK
- Alongside skilled worker route, there are a number of other immigration routes, to provide businesses with the flexibility they need. E.g. the Global Talent and Health & Care Visa routes
63
What did International tourist arrivals reach in 2018
- Grew 5% in 2018 to reach the 1.4 billion mark
- 45 arrivals every second
64
What did Total international tourism exports reach in 2018
Total international tourism exports (International tourism receipts + passenger transport) reached USD 1.7 trillion
65
What was the popular destination for tourism 2018
Continued dominance of Europe (51% of global total)
66
Massive Trourist growth numbers
- Middle East reduced (4% growth compared to average annual rate of 10%) e.g. Saudi Arabia and Egypt
- Asia-Pacific region saw rapid growth (24% annual growth compared to 8% in 2015)
Rapid economic expansion of the region, increased marketing of tourism opportunities, improved transportation infrastructure
- Africa (5% annual growth)
Growth of adventure tourism
67
Rise of Package Holidays (Mass tourism)
- Large scale, large numbers and high concentrations of hotels and other tourist facilities
- Often the cheapest so is most popular form of tourism
- Many types: skiing in mountains, sunbathing on beach, visiting theme park (e.g Euro Disney) or taking a cruise
- Governments and local people often support mass tourism because it generates a lot of income for local areas
68
69
What does tourism do
- It’s labour-intensive
- Creates many jobs directly e.g. transport; and indirectly e.g. agriculture and manufacturing
- Puts money into people’s pockets, and through the multiplier effect, the whole economy benefits
70
What is the multiplier effect
How many times money spent circulates through a country’s economy e.g. tourism grows which creates more jobs
71
What is the multiplier effect in tourism
Tourism grows —> creates more jobs —> more spending power in tourist area —> money spent on improving infrastructure, image and services —> the tourist area becomes more attractive
72
What are economic leakages in tourism
- Lots of internationale tourism is in the hands of big companies, which means that the profits made in a particular country ‘leak’ out of the country where the tour operator has its head offices
- According to the UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), for every 100$ spent by a tourist on a holiday to a developing country, only 5$ remain in the host community
- Tourism leakage of 95%, problem because it’s usually the host community that has to deal with all the nuisances and potential problems related to tourism
73
What is Socio-Cultural tourism
Refers to the ways in which tourism changes community and individual values, behaviour, community structure, lifestyle and overall quality life in local areas which they visit
74
Socio-Cultural tourism effects
- Largely depends on the type and volume of tourism
- Can help to revive some local handicrafts and art, but it is largely a negative experience for the hosts which potentially leads to increased tensions between locals and tourists
75
Tourism’s impact on the environment
Substantial negative impact:
- Depletion of local natural resources, including loss of ecosystems
- Pollution and waste problems
- Tourism often puts pressure on natural resources through over-consumption, often in places where resources are already scarce
- Contributes to more than 5% of global greenhouse gas emissions, with transportation accounting for 90% of this
76
What is ecotourism
A form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial (mass) tourism
77
What are the concepts of ecotourism
Stewardship- The careful and sustainable management of the environment on a large scale across regions, nations and even internationally
Conservation- More localised in its nature, allowing local people to be involved
78
What are the ecotourism principles
Ecotourism is about uniting conservation, communities, and sustainable travel. This means that those who implement, participate in and market ecotourism activities should adopt the following ecotourism principles:
- Minimise physical, social, behavioural and psychological impacts
- Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect
- Provide positive experienced for both visitors and hosts
- Generate financial benefits for both visitors and hosts
- Provide direct financial benefits for conservation
- Generate financial benefits for both local people and private industry
- Deliver memorable interpretive experiences to visitors that help raise sensitivity to host countries’ political, environmental and social climates
- Design, construct and operate low-impact facilities
- Recognise the rights and spiritual beliefs of the Indigenous People in the community and work on partnership with them to create empowerment
79
What is geopolitics
- The study of the relationships (political & economic) between countries and the influence of geographical factors (distance, climate, resources, e.t.c.) on these relationships
- About power and influence of individual countries over other countries
80
What is a superpower
A term used to describe a country with a dominant global position, which is characterised by its extensive ability to to exert influence of project power on a global scale via hard (military and economic) and soft (diplomacy, culture and history) power
81
How can geopolitics affect trade
- Trade blocs
- Multinational Organisations such as the WTO and in particular, the influence of ‘the Quad’ - Canada, European Union, Japan, and the United States
- Geopolitical events matter for foreign exchange and stock markets. E.g. the London Stock Exchange lost 6% of its value the day after 9/11
- Trade Wars e.g. USA Vs China 2019-2020
82
How can geopolitics affect migration
- Can influence the direction of migration
- More powerful countries often have greater control on migration than weaker ones
- Geopolitics tensions and pressures created by large-scale migration crises e.g. Syrian Refugee Crisis
83
How can geopolitics affect tourism
- Less significant than the other factors as globalisation has opened the world up to a great extent for all global citizens
- However, those powerful countries are a draw to tourists from other countries, in part due to the influence of soft power (diplomacy, culture and history)
- Hostilities between countries will also have an influence as well as a countries relationship with the ‘global stage’ e.g. North Korea
- E.g. on 27th January 2017, Donald Trump brought in a temporary travel ban which blocked people from Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen from being allowed to travel to America for 90 days
