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Geography - Mr goude ppr 2 > Globalisation And Development > Flashcards

Globalisation And Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is containerisation?

A

The increased us of bigger containerships for trade

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2
Q

What are ‘economies of scale’?

A

Refers to reduced cost due to increased output of product

-Cheaper products due to companies buying in bulk

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3
Q

What does the ‘race to the bottom’ refer to?`

A

Companies striving to sell their products the cheapest at the expense of worse wages and working conditions

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4
Q

What does ‘throw away society’ mean?

A

Due to cheaper goods, people are more willing to throw away products instead of getting them fixed

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5
Q

What is the world trade organisation?

A

A global organisation which encourages ‘trade liberalisation’ meaning to try and break down any barriers or tariffs when exporting and trading.

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6
Q

What is the world bank?

A

It was formed to finance economic development through using bank deposits placed by rich countries.

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7
Q

What is the IMF?

A

Similar to the world bank in that is lends money for development, but mainly aims to maintain international financial stability and force countries to privatise their assets.

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8
Q

What is colonialism?

A

control by one country over a dependent area or people, usually exploiting them

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9
Q

What are tarrifs?

A

Tariffs are used to restrict imports by taxing goods and services imported from overseas and making them less attractive to consumers so that the local businesses don’t get out-competed.

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10
Q

What are quotas?

A

An import quota is a type of trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time.

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11
Q

What are trading blocs?

A

A trade bloc is an agreement between countries to promote/increase trade by reducing tariffs and restrictions. For example, the EU.

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12
Q

What are special economic zones?

A

A special economic zone is an area in which business and trade laws are different from the rest of the country. This is usually done to increase trade.

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13
Q

What are subsidies?

A

When the government subsidises industries so that it can earn enough of a profit to compete with prices on the global market.

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14
Q

What is globalization?

A

The spread/increase of trade and TNC’s working abroad, strengthing connections and increasing the transfer of information between countries.

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15
Q

What is Glocalisation?

A

Companies tapping into foreign markets and tailoring to their taste.

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16
Q

What is the difference between offshoring and outsourcing?

A

Offshoring: When companies get their goods manufactured in places where employment rates are lower.

Outsourcing: when companies pay other companies to produce their goods.

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17
Q

What is FDI?

A

foreign-direct investment

When companies directly invest in other countries.

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18
Q

What is reverse colonialism?

A

When middle-income countries start to exploit and buy out assets from other countries.

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19
Q

What is horizontal integration?

A

When companies use other companies in their production line.

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20
Q

What is vertical integration?

A

When a company acquires other companies/owns all stages of the production line.

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21
Q

What is meant by the term ‘just in time’?

A

When goods are produced as and when they are needed to reduce wasted products

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22
Q

What are the advantages of FDI from TNC’s?

A
  • increased income /GDP for the countries involved
  • lots of jobs made
  • TNC’s often have to invest in the infrastructure aswell
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23
Q

What are the disadvantages of FDI from TNC’S?

A
  • Increased pollution
  • outcompetes local businesses
  • countries don’t own their own industries so become too reliant on other countries
  • often exploits the workers
  • majority of the profit goes to the country of origin
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24
Q

What is the KOF index?

A

An index which measure the level of globalisation of a country.

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25
Q

What is the A T Kearney index?

A

An alternative to the KOF index in that it measure globalisation

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26
Q

What is one advantage and one disadvantage of the KOF index?

A

+ each indicator is weighted making some more significant indicators than others

  • it does not include internal transactions so bigger countries which rely less on international trade and communication, lose out.
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27
Q

What does ‘switched on’ refer to?

A

Those countries which globalisation has helped

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28
Q

What does ‘switched’ off refer to?

A

When countries are exploited and left behind while other ‘switched on’ countries are becoming increasingly globalised.

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29
Q

What is an index?

A

The range and ranking of indicators

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30
Q

What is the HIPC?

A

Heavily indebted poor country

The world bank and IMF often cancels or reschedules their debts.

31
Q

What is the HDI and what are the indicators?

A

Human Development Index

  • life expectancy
  • literacy rate
  • the length of schooling
  • GDP per capita
32
Q

Why are some countries more globalised than others?

A
  • physical advantages (raw materials, location)
  • Political reasons (part of trading blocs and treaties)
  • Economic (Higher GDP enabling increased trade + communication)
  • location (coastal)
  • conflict/natural disasters
33
Q

What is global shift?

A

The movement of industries from one area to another.

Currently, this is mainly from Europe to Asia.

34
Q

What factors were behind Asia’s economic growth in the 1990’s?

A
  • Cheap labour
  • FDI caps/restrictions were removed
  • TNC’s from European countries began outsourcing
  • a high population of English speak graduates
  • open-door policy/trade liberalisation meant overseas companies could access their markets
35
Q

What were the benefits of Chinas economic growth?

A
  • 680 million people were brought out of poverty
  • increase in incomes by on average $9000 every year
  • FDI into infrastructure and faster connections
  • Education improved, 94% are literate
36
Q

What are the effects of deindustrialisation on cities like leister?

A

-Dereliction
-contamination of wasted chemicals
-unemployment
-depopulation and deprivation
+gentrification
+more brownfield sites

37
Q

What is a mega city?

A

A city with a population of at least 10 million

38
Q

What is a world city?

A

A city that plays an important role in global politics with economic power/influence.

39
Q

What are push factors for immigration?

A

A factor which causes a migrant to leave the source location.

  • poverty
  • war
  • unemployment
40
Q

What are the pull factors for immigration?

A

A factor which causes a migrant to be pulled towards a particular host location.

  • higher pay
  • better infrastructure and services
  • jobs
  • access to clean water
41
Q

What is a source location?

A

The area migrants are leaving

42
Q

What is a host location?

A

The area migrants are migrating to

43
Q

What is cultural diffusion?

A

The spread of culture, traditions and beliefs across the globe.

44
Q

What is global homogenisation?

A

When countries around the world begin to share more similarities through cultural diffusion

45
Q

What is capitalism?

A

An economic system based on private ownership where goods and services are sold for profit.

46
Q

What is communism?

A

A socio-economic system where all land and property is owned by the state with the goal of everyone being equal.

47
Q

What is free enterprise?

A

When businesses are allowed to be set up independently for the first time.

48
Q

What is the market economy?

A

The market where businesses interact and their prices are determined by supply and demand.

49
Q

What is an ethnic enclave?

A

A neighbourhood which has a distinct cultural difference to surrounding areas due to a large number of migrants moving to the same area.

50
Q

What is GNI?

A

Gross National Income

The value of goods and services earned by a country INCLUDING overseas earnings (unlike GDP)

51
Q

What is purchasing power parity?

A

Relates average earnings to local prices reflecting how much the money is worth.

52
Q

What is diaspora?

A

The process of the movement or migration of people who share a nationality/ethnic group away from their homeland into enclaves.

53
Q

What is a transition town?

A

Towns that promote local sourcing to increase sustainability.

54
Q

What is local sourcing?

A

When you source products and services that are made locally in order to increase sustainability.

55
Q

What is fair trade?

A

When companies return a bigger proportion of revenue to the producers/growers.

56
Q

What is ethical shopping?

A

Buying more sustainable products.

57
Q

What are the disadvantages of fair trade?

A
  • Costs more for the consumer
  • increases potential for over production which would cost the farmers
  • usually minimal improvement.
58
Q

What are the advantages of fair trade products?

A
  • supports small farmers, increases income and quality of life
  • increased sales amongst ethical shoppers
  • often produced more sustainably due to being small scale
59
Q

What are the disadvantages of ethical shopping?

A
  • organic produce requires more land for growing
  • local produce requires you to travel by car, instead of a delivery which is more efficient
  • when growing cash crops, the farmers are still unlike to earn a living
60
Q

How is gender inequality measured?

A

The Gender Inequality Index

61
Q

What is the lorenze curve?

A

A graph which show inequality, compared to absolute economic equality.

62
Q

What is the gini index?

A

The measure of inequality of wealth distribution. It measure the area between the lorenze curve and a line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area.

A lower index indicates a more equal distribution.

63
Q

What negative impacts are there on the global shift of manufacturing into Asia?

A
  • loss of productive farmland
  • increase in unplanned settlements
  • pollution and health problems
  • land degradation
  • over exploitation of resources
  • loss of biodiversity
64
Q

What are the benefits of the global shift for the host countries?

A
  • Infrastructure developments (Internet cabling in india)
  • More formal emplyment
  • Investment in skills for locals
  • Reduced levels of inequality
  • Taxation of TNCs
  • General public get more developed world services
65
Q

What are the benefits of the global shift for the source country?

A
  • Restructuring of industry to more well paid Quaternary jobs
  • Decreased industrial pollution
  • Declining population relieves pressure from services
  • Investment in training/skills due to a need to re-equip the workforce
66
Q

What are the costs of the global shift to the host country?

A
  • Often low wage
  • Increased industrial pollution (beijing smog)
  • Rapid rural-urban migration (slums in mumbai)
  • Pressure on natural resources
  • Global homogenisation
67
Q

What are the costs of the global shift to the source country?

A
  • De-Industrialisation (northern cities, middlesbrough)
  • Dereliction
  • Unemployment/poverty
68
Q

What methods can local communities use to reduce the environmental and ethical impacts of globalisation?

A

1) Local sourcing/Transistion towns/Localism (e.g. totnes in devon)
2) Ethical shopping
3) recycling
4) Fair trade

69
Q

What are the pros/cons of Local sourcing?

A

Pros

  • Benefits local economy (£23 for every £10 spent)
  • Reduces carbon emissions
  • Reduces pollution + wastes
  • Encourages transition towns/Localism

Cons

  • larger area of land required for agriculture due to smaller scale + organic methods
  • require driving to the shops instead of more efficient deliveries
70
Q

What are the pros/cons of Ethical shopping?

A

Pros

  • More sustainably produced goods
  • Helps local producers
  • Less imports reducing carbon emissions

Cons

  • larger area of land to produce same amout of goods due to organic, less efficient methods
  • In the case of cash crops, even fair trade products often mean the farmers cant afford to support family
71
Q

What are the pros/cons of recycling?

A

Pros
-Reduces wasted material

Cons

  • Requires large amounts of energy
  • Much of uks recycling requires transportation to china
  • should be focusing on biodegradable packaging and ‘design out’ the need for waste
72
Q

How do trade blocs in contribute to the growth of both the global economy and national economies?

A

Global

  • Strengthens economies of member states
  • free trade protects production from cheaper imports
  • Restricts trade of non-member countries due to high tariffs
  • encouraging countries to specialise so that they can sell within the bloc, and gain a comparative advantage
  • non-member countries may wish to invest in member countries to gain access to the open market

National

  • Encourage investment
  • Encourage business development
  • Protects local economies and producers (e.g. farming) from cheaper imports
73
Q

What are the social challenges caused by the rapid growth of cities?

A
  • Challenges the government to provide services such as housing and education
  • private companies are often responsible for providing services such as piped water, but often target the wealthier areas first
  • increase in house prices leading to homelessness

Rapid migration will often lead to the appearance of shanty towns and slums such as Dharavi in Mumbai.

74
Q

what are the economic challenges caused by the rapid growth of cities?

A

Reduced taxation is often used as an incentive to attract investment, so frequently governments can’t afford the associated infrastructure requirements.

Geography - Mr goude ppr 2 (5 decks)

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