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Geography - Mr goude ppr 2 > Glaciation > Flashcards

Glaciation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the pleistocene era?

A

A subdivison of a period of time. It is the one before out current heliocene era.

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2
Q

What is an ice age and when was the most recent?

A

A major period of cooling and ice activity, which most recent occured in the pleistocene period.

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3
Q

What is a glacial peroid?

A

Cold periods where ice advances, severe glacial periods are ice ages.

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4
Q

What is the name of the warmer periods where ice retreats?

A

Interglacial periods.

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5
Q

What is a stadial period?

A

A short fluxuation within a glacial period where ice advances.

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6
Q

What is a interstadial period?

A

A short fluxuation within a glacial period where ice retreats.

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7
Q

what are milankovitch cycles?

A

Changes to the earths orbit and tilt which affects the amount of insolation the earth gets. This is a natural cause of climate change.

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8
Q

What are sunspots?

A

A Natural cause of climate change where there are spots of increased solar radiation output, increasing global temperatures.

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9
Q

What evidence is there for past climates?

A
  • Ice cores (C02)
  • glacial erosion of v-shaped valleys into u-shaped valleys.
  • Drawings of the mini-ice age where the thames froze over
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10
Q

What is an ice sheet?

A

A vast expanse of ice over 1km thick.

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11
Q

What is an ice field?

A

An area of less than 50,000 km2 of interconnected valley glaciers with high peaks called nuna taks

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12
Q

What are temperate glaciers?

A

Glacier which are in slightly warmer regions, allowing melting ice to lubricants the glacier, making it move faster.

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13
Q

What is a periglacial region?

A

The edge of polar regions

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14
Q

What are periglacial enviroments?

A

Areas found on the edge of polar enciroments and of have distinct landform and a variable active layer.

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15
Q

What is weathering?

A

Eroision caused by natural proccess such as freeze thaw weathering.

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16
Q

What is mass movement?

A

The downward movement of mterial/land due to saturated ground and gravity.

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17
Q

What is the active layer?

A

The layer of thawed ground above the permafrost.

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18
Q

What is felsenmeer?

A

Broken rock fragments due to freeze thaw action

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19
Q

What is Scree?

A

Weatherd material found at the bottom of mountains/valleys due to rock fall.

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20
Q

What are pingos?

A

A land form found in periglacial enviroments that forms a large mound/dome shape due to the freezing of water in the acitve layer.
The expansion of ice within the soil pushes the overlying sediments to heave upwards into a dome-shaped landform.

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21
Q

What are ice wedges/ice polygons?

A

A wedge of ice that creates raised rims in interlinking polygonal patterns.

When the ground repeadtedly freezes and thaws it begins to crac, allowing water to run in. When this water freezes it forms an ice wedge and grows in size after repeated freeing and thawing.

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22
Q

What is solifuciton?

A

The downhill flow of saturated soil creating solification lobes as it begins to slumps.

It occurs when the active layer provides enough water to allow flow to occur.

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23
Q

What are glacier inputs and outputs?

A

Glacial inputs: The main source of inpput is snowfall but avalanches also add to the mass of the glacier

Glacial outputs: The way a glacier loses mass, such as thorugh melting or breaking of ice.

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24
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

When a change to a system, causes the change to increase.

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25
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

When a change to a sytem, causes a decrease/reduces the change.

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26
Q

What is the accumulation zone?

A

Where the snow/glacial inputs enter the glacier

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27
Q

What is the ablation zone?

A

Where the ice leaves the glacier.

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28
Q

What is a glaciers mass balance/health?

A

The result of the amount of ablation and accumulation each year, which determines how the mass changes.

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29
Q

what is abrasion?

A

A process of erosion through scouring and friction wearing away at rocks.

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30
Q

what is scouring?

A

The effect of abrasion on the landscape.

31
Q

what is a cirque glacier?

A

Small masses of ice that occupy armchair-shaped hollows in mountains. They Often overspill from the hollows to feed valley glaciers.

32
Q

what is a valley glacier?

A

Larger masses of ice that move down from either an ice field or cirque glaciers

33
Q

what is a glacial trough?

A

A u-shaped valley scoured out by a valley glacier

34
Q

what are ribbon lakes?

A

A long-thin lake, accumulating in glacial troughs due to increased erosion (weaker rock/increased mass)

35
Q

What is the name of the fine sediment deposited by a glacier?

A

Till

36
Q

What are the different types of moraine?

A
  • ground Moraine ( sediment transport beneath a glacier)
  • Terminal Moraine (A ridge of sediment piled up at the end/furthest point of the glacier)
  • recessional moraine (Forms like terminal moraine but does not mark the furthest extent of a glacier)
  • Lateral moraine (Primarily scree that has built up into a ridge on the side of the glacier)
  • Medial moraine (A ridge formed when two lateral moraine ridges join from separate glaciers to form one ridge down the centre)
37
Q

What is a drumlin?

A

An oval or egg shaped hill made of glacial till aligned so the point faces down glacier.
(northern England, Scotland, Canada)

38
Q

What is a till plain?

A

An extensive, flat area of till, deposited when a glacier melts.

39
Q

What methods are there for determining the direction ice flow?

A
  • Till fabric analysis (looking at the orientation of till and plotting on a rose diagram)
  • Looking at orientation of drumlins
  • looking at erratics (sloped side is up hill)
40
Q

What is an erratic?

A

A boulder transported and deposited by a glacier.

41
Q

What are knocks and lochans?

A

Knocks: resistant outcrops of rock

lochans: A lake which froms where increased erosion has occured between two knocks.

42
Q

What is a rouche mounonee?

A

Formed when a glacier moves over an out crop of resistant rock.
Pressure metling occurs on the up hill side allowing fro an up hill slope.
Plucking occurs on the downhil side where the ice refreezes around the jagged rock and pull it of to create a steep edge.

43
Q

What is regulaton creep?

A

The movement of a glacier created by pressure melting.

44
Q

What is extensional flow?

A

When the graidient increases, causing the ice to stretch and become thinner.

45
Q

What is rotational flow?

A

The movement between extensional and compressional flow, where the ice rolls in a rotational manner

46
Q

What is supraglacial material?

A

Weathered material carried on top of a glacier

47
Q

What is supraglacial material?

A

Weathered supraglacial material carried on top of the glacier.

48
Q

What is englacial material?

A

weathered material that gets burried within the glacier.

49
Q

What is subglacial material?

A

Material eroded from the bottom of the glaceir and embeded in the base.

50
Q

What is fluvial erosion?

A

Erosion done by water such as meltwater.

51
Q

What does proglacial mean?

A

It is the end/nose of a single glacier

52
Q

What does periglacial mean?

A

Enviroments which exist at the edges of glacial enviroments.

53
Q

What is an arete?

A

When two neighbouring glaciers cut back into a mountside to create a narrow ridge bettween the two.

54
Q

What is a hanging valley?

A

A valley created when a less dense glacier which does less erosion meets a bigger glacier.

The bigger glacier carves a deeper valley so when the valley created by the small glacier hangs above it.

55
Q

What is basal slip?

A

Movement of a glacier usually in temperate glaciers where meltwater can help lubricate the base.
Regelation creep is an example of basal sliding.

56
Q

What is inter-granular movement?

A

where the individual ice crystals slide over each other

57
Q

What is intra-granular movement

intra/inter are different

A

Where the individual ice crystals become fractured under the mass and as the ice deforms, it moves downwards.

58
Q

What are ice contact features compared to pro-glacial features?

A

Ice contact: where the ice is still the direct cause of the erosion/feature

Pro-glacial features: indirect features not directly caused by the glacier, but deposited by it or its meltwater.

59
Q

What is imbrication?

A

When the deposited sediment and features are alligned in a particuar direction that shows the direction of flow of a glacier.

60
Q

What are the different features of a fluvio-glacial landscape?

E.g. Explain the role of glacial meltwater in creating distinctive landforms

A
  • Outwash plain
  • esker
  • kettle hole
  • kame terrace
  • kame deltas
  • kame crevace
  • proglacial lake
  • meltwater channel

(canada, Scandinavia, alaska)

61
Q

What is a glacial outburst?

A

When huge amounts of meltwater gets trapped either beneath ice or as surface lakes. When these eventually birst the surging meltwater call a lacial outbirst has the power to carve deep meltwater channels or gorges.

62
Q

What are eskers?

A

A type of ice contact feature.

Eskers are long widing ridges of sand and gravel, up to 30 meters high and several kilometers long.

They were likely formed by deposition of a sub-glacial river (under glacier).

63
Q

What are kames?

A

Sediment depositist that fill in crevaces and margianl lakes

64
Q

What is a kame teerace, delta and crevasse?

A

Kame terraces: mounds resulting from the infiling of marginal lakes on the valey side

Kame deltas: Smaller deposits from a glacial surface stream

Crevasse Kames: Result from the infiling of crevaces.

65
Q

What are outwash plains?

A

Extensive plains of gentle sloping deposited sediment as a result of the outwash of material carried by meltwater streams.
Some extensive examples exist in iceland and alaska.

66
Q

What are kettle holes?

A

When large blocks of ice left behind after a glacier retreats, creates a depression in the ground after it melts. This can then fill with water.

67
Q

What is a varve?

A

A distinct layering of silt on top of sand, where increased volume of meltwater in streams can carry varying masses of sediment.

68
Q

What players are indirectly altering the tundra thorugh climate change?

A
  • manufactuing companies with high levels oil consumption
  • energy companies which provide non-renewable energy
  • travel companies such as airlines
  • individuals that consume lots and use public transport
69
Q

What are t he three parts to a glacial system?

A

1) Input
2) Store
3) Outputs

70
Q

How does tourism threaten glaciated landscapes?

Using examples

A

Everast

  • Waste/litter disposal problems
  • Footpath erosion
  • Greater demand for firewood/forest resources
  • Increased demand for infrastructure/facilities/hotels
  • Increased carbon emissions

Lake District

  • Footpath erosion
  • Congestion
  • Increased demand for facilities/infrastructure
71
Q

How does climate change threaten glaciated landscapes?

A

Lake district

  • Loss of indiginous species
  • Increase in non-native species
  • movement of habitats up in altitude
  • Increases in diseases from insects
  • Heavy rain will cause more soil erosion and run off from farms
  • Increased flooding (carlisle 2015)
  • Risk from forest fires

Everast

  • Reduction in size of Himalayan glacial
  • glacial outbursts
72
Q

What impacts besides tourism and climate change do glaciated landscapes face?

A
  • Deforestation (everast)
  • Mining (svalbard)
  • Science research (svalbard)
  • infrastructure development
73
Q

What are the features of a periglacial landscape?

A
  • Patterned ground (svalbard)
  • Ice wedges (canada)
  • Pingos (canada)
  • Solifluction lobes (Alaska)
  • Blockfeilds (lake district)

Geography - Mr goude ppr 2 (5 decks)

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