Globalisation and crime THEORIES

Question 1

Held et al

Answer 1

Define globalisation as ‘world-wide interconnectedness.’

Question 2

Castells

Answer 2

Argues that the global criminal economy is worth over £1 trillion per year.

Question 3

S. Cohen

Answer 3

The media creates moral panics centred around folk devils.
The features of a mp include:
- Distortion
- Prediction
-Symbolisation
Produces a deviance amplification spiral.

Question 4

Hobbs and Dunningham

Answer 4

• Organised crime has been effected by globalisation and now works as a ‘glocal’ system.
• It is based locally, but with global contacts.
• Gangs have been replaced by loose networks of flexible, opportunistic, entrepreneurial criminals.

Question 5

Glenny - McMafia

Answer 5

• Increased consumerism and liberalised rules have led to the growth of these criminal organisations, which now condone and facilitate activities such as the consumption of drugs and human trafficking around the world.
• McMafia = displaced, organisations all over the globe e.g. the Italian Mafia in America

Question 6

Morecombe bay disaster

Answer 6

• 23 Chinese men told England will give them a better life.
• Came over illegally and told they have to work for free in order to ‘pay their debt’.
• Picked up cockles along the shore.
• Forced to work at night as well, 22 drowned because they were reluctant to call police and could not speak English.

Question 7

How has globalisation affected crime? (Beck)

Answer 7

Global risk society ~ Beck
- People become more ‘risk conscious’ and fearful of things like losing their jobs, illegal immigrants, and so on.

Question 8

How has globalisation affected crime? (Bauman)

Answer 8

Growing individualisation ~ Bauman
- In late modernity, there is growing individualisation.
- Any improvement to the living conditions and happiness of individulas now depends on their own efforts, can’t rely on the welfare state.

Question 9

How has globalisation affected crime? (Taylor)

Answer 9

Disorganised capitalism - Taylor
- This process has led to fewer job opportunities and more job insecurities within the UK - increased unemployment, part-time, temporary jobs.

Question 10

White

Answer 10

Green criminology focuses on harm to the environment and/or human and non-human animals rather than acts that break the law.
- Anthropocentric = sees humans as having the right to exploit nature.
- Ecocentric = sees humans and the environment as interdependent.

Question 11

Primary and secondary green crime

Answer 11

Primary - green crimes that result directly from the destruction and degradation of the earth’s resources. (e.g. deforestation)
Secondary - crimes that are created by ignoring or bending environmental laws. (e.g. hazardous waste and organised crime)