globalisation and crime

Question 1

globalisation

Answer 1

increasing interconnectedness between countries

Question 2

held refers to globalisation of crime as

Answer 2

the growing interconnectedness of crime across national borders, sometimes referred to as the transnational organised crime

Question 3

castell argues that

Answer 3

there is now a global criminal economy of over £1 trillion per annum

Question 4

castell’s new types of crime with globalisation

Answer 4

drugs trade, human trafficking, financial crimes, cyber crime, tnc, terrorism

Question 5

drugs trade

Answer 5

• now worth over £300 billion per year
• often cultivated in 3rd world countries which have large impoverished populations so drugs is an attractive trade as it requires little investment but commands high prices, especially in western world

Question 6

human trafficking

Answer 6

• can include the trafficking of women and children as well as illegal immigrants and human body parts
• estimated that over 2000 organs per year are trafficked from condemned or executed criminals
• estimated over half a million people are trafficked to western europe anually

Question 7

financial crimes

Answer 7

• such as money laundering has become much easier with the relaxing of international banking laws meaning that people are able to move money between offshore accounts much easier or to haven countries where national laws do not allow law enforcement access to accounts

Question 8

cyber crime

Answer 8

• has developed with growth of technology and has a number of forms including cyber fraud, cyber theft, cyber terrorism and cyber violence
• it’s transnational crime as the hacker can be in one country` whilst hacking a system in another

Question 9

transnational organised crime

Answer 9

• growth in organised crime networks based on economic links
• glenny calls this mcmafia which developed from the deregulations of global markets and the fall of soviet union. additionally, the old school mafias such as the italian mafia and the triads began to disperse around the world e.g usa

Question 10

terrorism

Answer 10

technological and communication advancements have made internation terrorism easier, as groups are able to communicate with members all over the world and cultivate in-state members through online radicalisation

Question 11

explanations for the impact of globalisation on crime

Answer 11

individualism, opportunities, disorganised capitalism, risk society, problems with policing, more inequalilty

Question 12

individualism (late modernity)

Answer 12

• bauman: growing individualism and consumer culture means that individuals are left to weigh the costs and benefits of their decisions and choose the best course to bring them the highest rewards
• can lead to people taking part in criminal activity in order to achieve the consumer lifestyle which is otherwise unattainable

Question 13

opportunities

Answer 13

• globalisation has led to newer types of crime as well as new ways in which to carry out crime e.g places like the dark web which allows criminals to communicate and conduct crimes whilst undetected
• additionally crimes can be committed in one nation whilst the criminal is in a diff county

Question 14

disorganised capitalism; taylor (marxism)

Answer 14

the idea that it has become harder for govts to control businesses in their contries, to create jobs, or raise taxes of business. this is because global business have the power to move elsewhere
- the working conditions in some of these countries would be illegal in the uk
- in western societies, this has created de-industrialisation, the growth of temporary/zero hour contracts etc all of which increased job insecurity, unemployment, poverty and relative dep

povertu has further been increased by decline in welfare provision

Question 15

risk society (late modernism)

Answer 15

beck: we live in a global risk society, where global threats to out existence have been created by tech and science e.g cybercrime, terrorism
- attempts by the govt to control global risks posed by immigration can create further crime e.g create hate crime via moral panics, create increase in illegal trafficking

Question 16

problems with policing

Answer 16

due to crimes becoming transnational requires cooperation between many diff law enforcement agencies to bring the criminals to justice.
additionally, what may be illegal in one cuntry is not in another and if the criminal is in one country and the victim is in another it can be difficult to determine jurisdiction

Question 17

more inequality - taylore, marxism

Answer 17

glob creates new patterns of inequality. the winners from the process are the rich financial investors and transnational cooperations, whereas the losers are the workers.
- the disadvantaged in both developing and developed world are faced with greater insecurity and greater relative dep which then feeds criminal behaviour

Question 18

‘glocal’ organisation - hobbs and dunningham

Answer 18

• crime is still locally based, but with global connections . this means the form it takes will vary from place to place, according to local conditions, even if it is influences by global factors, such as availability of drugs from abroad
• hobbs and dunningham argue that changed from glob (e.g shift from the old rigidly hierarchical gang structure to loose networks of flexible, opportunistic entrepreneurial criminals) has led to patterns in changes of crime

Question 19

eval of ‘glocal organisation’

Answer 19

not clear that such patterns are new, nor that the older patterns have disappeared.
it may be that the two have always co-existed

Question 20

mcmafia - glenny

Answer 20

calls global organisations mcmafia to describe how they mirror legal transnational corportaions like mcdonalds and set up franchises to provide and sell the same product across the world
- refers to organisations that emerged in russia and eastern europe following the fall of communism
- following the fall of commusnism, russian govt deregulated most sectors of the economy except for natural resources such as oil
- anyone with access to funds -such as former communist officials - could then buy up oil, gas, diamonds for next to nothing
- to protect their wealth, capitalists therefore turned to ‘mafias’ which were purely economic organisations formed to pursue self-interest - began to become brands