Globalisation Flashcards
What do Held et al suggest?
there has been a globalisation of crime and the spread of transnational organised crime
What does Castells suggest?
There is now a global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum.
What are the some forms of global criminal economy suggested by Castells?
arms trafficking - to illegal regimes
trafficking in nuclear materials
smuggling of illegal immigrants - Chinese Triads makes $2.5 billion annually
Trafficking in women and children.
Sex Tourism
trafficking in body parts - for organ transplant in wealthy countries
cyber-crimes - e.g. identity theft
green crimes
drugs trade - worth $300-400 billion annually at street price
Why mustn’t we confine our attention to the countries where drugs are consumed?
global criminal economy has a supply and demand side.
20% of Colombia depends on cocaine production for livelihood so to understand drug crime we have to look at the supply side too.
What is meant by ‘global risk consciousness’
mentality of ‘risk conciousness’ which is seen as global rather than tied to particular places.
What has given rise to a global risk consciousness?
Increased movement of people has given rise to anxieties in Western countries about the risks of crime.
Moral panics often created about immigrants can lead to hate crimes against minorities.
What is a result of the global risk consciousness?
intensification of social control at national level. Uk toughened border control regulations by having no legal limits on how long a person can be held in immigration detention.
According to Taylor (Marxist) what has globalisation led to?
greater inequality and exploitation by transnational corporations and rising crime as a result.
How does TNC switching manufacturing to low-wage countries cause crime?
Lack of jobs in west and insecure jobs in poor countries = poverty and unemployment. Lack of legitimate opportunities pushes people towards illegitimate ones. e.g. lucrative drug business
How has globalisation created criminal opps for the elite groups (Taylor)
Globalisation of money markets leads to spread of insider knowledge, tax evasion and wide-scale fruad
PRO and CON of Taylor
PRO- useful in linking global trends in capitalist economy to changes in patterns of crime
CON - no adequate explanation of how the changes make people behave in criminal ways - not all poor turn to crime.
What do Hobbs and Dunningham mean by ‘crime is increasingly glocal in character’
locally based but more likely to have global connections
What does ‘glocal organisation’ mean
new type of gang structure that facilitates the new global market. Individuals with contacts act as ‘hub’ around which a loose-knit network forms.
What is Glenny’s example of the relationship between criminal organisationa and globalisation called?
McMafia
What does McMafia describe?
The way organised global crime networks operate in the same way as legitimate global businesses.
