Globalisation Flashcards
Giddens, Dunier and Appelbaum
Defining Globalisation:
If human history were equivalent to a twenty four hour clock, not much would’ve happened in the first twenty three hours
More change has taken place in the last 30 seconds than the time before
Wiseman
Defining Globalisation:
The term globalisation needs careful consideration when being used in sociology as it can be misunderstood
Cochrane and Pain
Defining Globalisation:
The emergence of a global economic and cultural system which is incorporating the people of the world into a single global society
Evaluation:
Globalisation isn’t occurring everywhere at the same rate
Giddens
Defining Globalisation:
The intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities which allows local happenings to be shaped by events across the world
Evaluation:
Globalisation isn’t occurring everywhere at the same rate
Cohen and Kennedy
Defining Globalisation:
A series of transformations of the world including changes in the concept of space and time, interdependent economies and increasing cultural interaction
Evaluation:
Only relates to one feature of interconnectivity
McLuhan
Global Village:
The world is becoming a smaller, more globalised area
We now live in a ‘global village’
Castells
Global Village:
Makes it easier for people to maintain interests as there is greater access to information and opportunity to engage with political/social issues
Carter
Global Village:
Digital communication has allowed people to maintain relationships
Cybercity is a virtual world where millions of users can increase social capital and maintain communications
Boellstroff
Global Village:
Second Life was a virtual world where people dedicated their lives to the games and realistic activities provided (concerts and relationships)
These shape our identity
Feminist Globalisation:
Second Life suggests women can choose their own cyborg/avatar identities
Women may choose a more masculine avatar
Postmodern Globalisation:
Second Life shows how we can shift identities to be whoever we want to be
People can define themselves in postmodern world without limits of social structure, class, age, gender
Castell
Networked Global Society:
We are moving from an industrial age to a network age due to advances in technology and communication
These have become the basis of our society as they are where consumer culture are centred
This has increased the emergence of hierarchies as people who don’t have social media can’t provide anything to the digital world and are marginalised
Livingstone
Online Communities:
Research suggests an increased incidence in cyber bullying
Holmes
Online Communities:
Facebook etiquette shows the ‘norms’ of social media
People look for advice on this as there’s uncertainty about the degree of emotional closeness appropriate online
Woollaston
Online Communities:
Studied how interactions affect face-to-face meetings
During face-to-face meetings, participants suffered an increase in arousal compared to being shown a picture
This was linked to an increase in anxiety
Bargh et al
Online Communities:
People in online relationships can develop intense bonds due to anonymity provided by online interactions
When we chat online, our private and ‘hidden traits’ become more accessible
Boyle
Media Convergence:
Spread of digital communication has led to media convergence
Different forms of media can all be accessed on one device
Age and Digital Communication:
There’s a generational divide between the old and young
Ellison
Identity and Digital Communication:
Individuals can adopt multiple online identities and personalities
Online activities often leave visible traces which can be shared
Althusser (Can Be Applied To)
Marxist Digital Communication:
Ideological state apparatus enforce capitalist ideology
Media and digital communication is an example of this
Cornford and Robins
Marxist Digital Communication:
Globalisation has lead to the spread of of capitalist ideology by forcing individuals into consumer culture
Power and money now comes from the media and is used by the ruling class to shape the minds of the population
The use of subtle surveillance is used to control the masses
Bagdikian
Marxist Digital Communication:
Digital media reflects changes in non-digital media
Media new and old are owned by smaller numbers of media moguls who influence content with conservative values
Seabrook
Marxist Digital Communication:
Globalisation has resulted in cultural imperialism
Western societies contaminate the minds of other countries by enforcing western ideas
Garside
Marxist Digital Communication:
Adults spend 8h41m consuming digital media and only 8h21m sleeping
It’s a way of entertaining the masses to distract them from their exploitation
Mertens and D’haeners
Marxist Digital Communication:
Lower social class in Brussels linked with lower internet use
Working class focused internet on entertainment use rather than knowledge
Harraway
Feminist Digital Communication:
Women should be included in digital communication just as much as men
Women can create cyborg identities which allow them to rise above gender boundaries and create a new positive identity
Nakamura
Feminist Digital Communication:
Women from ethnic minorities have gained a mass usage in social media
They are able to discuss issues of racism and discrimination
#SayHerName movement allowed black women to open up about assault
Green
Feminist Digital Communication:
Digital technology is feminist and can be used to destabilise the patriarchy and help women create new identities
The Laura Bates Project is an online movement about sexual harassment
Cochrane
Feminist Digital Communication:
Fourth wave feminism powered by digital technology
Cyber-feminism means women’s voices are no longer muted
Arlaccki
Feminist Digital Communication:
Rise of globalisation has negative effects on women
These issues aren’t seen as a priority for countries
Hughes
Feminist Digital Communication:
Offers new ways for patriarchal ideology to control women
Bride Trafficking and Sex Tourism promoted onlin
Silverman
Feminist Digital Communication:
Internet isn’t regulated and is poorly monitored
Women are more likely to be oppressed/exploited through human trafficking
Li and Kirkup
Feminist Digital Communication:
Investigated differences in use of and attitudes toward internet for Chinese and British students
Found men in both countries are more likely than women to use email/chat rooms
Men were more confident about their computer skills in both countries
Hart
Postmodern Digital Communication:
People constantly change their autobiographical profile to alter their identity which shows fluid identity
Digital communication is positive as it can let people see others in a positive light
Foucault
Postmodern Digital Communication:
Surveillance is a good example of how digital forms of communication are positive
This is because surveillance reduces crime and keeps us safe
Case
Postmodern Digital Communication:
Digital communication has turned us into cyborgs as they have impacted our identity so greatly
Our identity is now more fluid
However, this can present a challenge as social media makes it harder to remove mistakes as every interaction is visible
Collins
Postmodern Digital Communication:
Researched Facebook
Suggested we can take a ‘micro’ sociological approach to learn about how people see the world around them
Bjorklund
Postmodern Digital Communication:
Facebook is like an autobiography for people
Elliot
Postmodern Digital Communication:
Pessimistic about the fragmented nature of identity as a result of Facebook and other websites
Miller
Postmodern Digital Communication:
9 ethnographic studies
Shows social media promotes equality and helps family stay connected
Baudrillard
Postmodern Globalisation (Evaluation):
Audiences are immersed into so much information that they find it hard to determine what’s real/digital
Society has become a ‘hyper-reality’
This is unhealthy for identity/relationships
Parsons
Age and Digital Communication:
Children are informed quickly because of digital communication
This allows them to push out the elderly and take on roles smoothly
Palmer
Age and Digital Communication:
‘Toxic parenting’
Good parenting is replaced by technology used to keep kids occupied
Children grow up isolated
Postman
Age and Digital Communication:
Internet exposes children to sexualised content at a young age
Mulvey
Feminist Digital Communication:
Patriarchy uses digital communication to enforce the male gaze
Gardner and Davis
Age and Digital Communication:
Young people are on social media too much which exaggerates their personality
They have little human interactions and become narcissistic
It can be enriching for social capital
Berry
Age and Digital Communication:
Old people lack skills to interact online
They face barriers which prevent them from gaining social capital
Material reasons (no internet), non-material reasons (lack of knowledge), psychological reasons (not feeling secure)
Shaw and Grant
Relationships and Digital Communication:
Internet is used to decrease loneliness and depression by connecting others
Miller
Relationships and Digital Communication:
‘Tales from Facebook’
Facebook is key when forming strong relationships with others online
Zhao
Relationships and Digital Communication:
Most people maintain their relationships through a balance of offline/online
Activities that connect individuals strengthen social ties
Kraut et al
Relationships and Digital Communication:
Most who use internet for social purposes also maintain offline relationships
Social ties tend to be weaker online compared to offline
Feld
Relationships and Digital Communications:
People use social networks to evaluate themselves and others
This influences our identity
McKenna
Relationships and Digital Communication:
Social media can be a lifeline for kids and help them open up about problems
Turkle
Relationships and Digital Communication:
‘Alone together’ describes the way people become distanced when using digital communication as it separates them from real life
Granovetter
Relationships and Digital Communication:
Social relationships are made up of social ties
These can be strengthened by: amount of time spent together and emotional intensity of the relationship
Weak ties are strong as they connect people who have little in common and social media promotes this
Clayton
Relationships and Digital Communication:
The Twitter Effect
Relationships who use twitter for long hours are more likely to divorce and have twitter related conflicts
Howard
Conflict/Change and Digital Communication:
Christian Fundamentalist Groups rising from digital communication
Online network of active Christians with virtual churches and who spread beliefs
‘Digital Jesus’
Sutton
Conflict/Change and Digital Communication:
Digital communication used to respond to natural disasters by spreading information
California Wildfires showed how communication can be used to inform others fast
Castell
Conflict/Change and Digital Communication:
Digital communication can help activists protest through the internet which makes it faster and more universal
Arab Springs protests that helped people in Tunisia and Egypt stand up against their State
Curran
Conflict/Change and Digital Communication:
Role of digital communication in the Arab Springs was exaggerated
Based off deep economic/religious factors
Keen
Conflict/Change and Digital Communication:
Digital technology is chaotic and doesn’t have political power to bring social change
Filled with fake news
Kirkpatrick
Conflict/Change and Digital Communication:
The ‘Facebook Effect’
Can be used as a catalyst for change
Used in popular movement in Colombia by making 10m people join in street demonstrations to curb violence of the Revolutionary Armed Forces
Morozov
Conflict/Change and Digital Communication:
Claims made that Twitter/Facebook facilitated Green protests in Iran were exaggerated
More evidence media can be used by regimes to repress and suppress
Giddens
Cultural Homogenisation/Defence:
Reverse colonialism
Less powerful groups dominate West
Mexicanisation of California with food, dress and music
Mohammadi
Cultural Homogenisation/Defence:
Simple images of western media and cultural domination over the world is exaggerated and ignores interactions between cultures
Croteau
Cultural Homogenisation/Defence:
Global digital media companies forced to take into account local practices and link with local partners to make sure companies grow and succeed
