globalisation Flashcards
what are 3 example that
has accelerated globalisation and how
t , t , c
transport = transport accelerated in the 19th century.
It became cheaper to fly and the number of people flying grew by 4 billion from 1980-2012
containerisation transformed shipping. Cutting the time and costs for transportation of goods
trade = trade accelerated during the British empire
trade blocks such as the EU has reduced barriers to trade among countries
Communications = internet has heightened interactivity
easier to communicate with other countries
internet users has increased by 2 billion between 2000-2014
what does offshoring and outsourcing mean
offshoring = when a company moves it whole operations to a different countries but the people are employed by the company
outsourcing = when a company gets a company in another country to do their work for them however the company wont know who is making their products or where they are coming from.
what is FDI ( foreign direct investment ) and cumulative causation
FDI = investment from one company into another country
cumulative causation = when a particular area specialises in one industry
what are SEZs
special economic zones are where company’s are offered duty free importation, 100% income tax etc. So company’s want to invest.
What is the WTO
World trade organisation
what is the role of the WTO and when was it set up
It was set up in 1947
- promotes free trade without tariffs and restrictions
- promotes economic development in LIDCS
- Allows countries to invest on a global scale
- they currents have 164 members with a waiting list to join
what are positives of the WTO
- Trade disputes have declined by 400%
- Trade tariffs have declined to a tenth of what they used to be
- 500 million people lifted out of poverty since 1995
- massive increase in world trade
what are the criticisms of the WTO
- Huge inequality with the worlds poorest countries only being made up of 0.4% of the votes
- previous trade disputes are shown to favour rich nations ( USA owns 20% of votes due to their large membership fee )
- lower prices has led to poverty in LIDCs but benefits the AC consumers
what is a Commodity and what are the most traded commodity’s
A substance or natural product that can be traded, brought or sold
oil
coffee
gas
gold
What is a single export country
A country dependant on one product for more than half of their exports
What are the potential dangers of being a single export country
- They could have a bad harvest/ have crops fail
- Price of commodities can go up and down with demand
- finite products can be used up or go down/up in price
what is the spatial variation between coffee producers and consumers
The consumers aren’t producing coffee such as Finland, America etc and are mainly AC countries.
The biggest producers are around the equator where the coffee beans can grown and are predominantly LIDCs (except Brazil)
what are the main aims of the world bank
- fights poverty by offering developmental assistance to middle and low-income countries
- Eliminate poverty by helping people help themselves
- assists through loans, financial support and technical assistance
- 3% of the world population by 2030
what are the positives of World bank
- billions of dollars per year in development
- Lends money to LIDCS
- Many successful projects
- Global poverty has fallen since it was established
What are the negatives of the world bank
- Loans have strings attached - conditionality
- projects funded by world bank have has negative social and environmental impacts
what are the main aims of the international monetary fund
- monitors global economy
- lends money to members in difficulty
- provides advice to all members
- Tries to stabilise exchange rates
- promotes change between nations
what are the positives of the IMF
- Expert advice to all members states
- Loans and financial support when needed
- have helped prevent the bankruptcy of some members
- stabilise exchange rates to allow for future planning
what are the negatives of the IMF
- Dominated by wealthy members who usually attach conditions to assistance
- political interference
- Ten riches nations possess 60% of voting rights
what do you notice in regards to
- Tariffs
- Products
- Workers
- currencies
- Interest rates
in the starting point of the EU
Tariffs - Tariffs and taxes on almost every good
Products - Many countries specialise in 2/3 products
Workers - No free movement many worked in their birth country
Currencies - Every country had its own currency
Interest rates - Every country set its own interest rate
what happened to tariffs and workers when there was some co-operation when the EU was starting
Tariffs - No tariffs around member states
Workers - Free movement of workers around all member countries meaning people moved countries for work
what happened to protect countries in the trade bloc and the currencies when the EU was starting
Protection - complete freedom to trade inside the EU. Tariffs for countries not in the EU (common external tariffs)
Currencies - All countries in the EU apart from a few changed to the euro. EU controlled interest rates of that currency
describe the spatial expansion of the EU and the variations in their economic data
1957 - France, Germany, Italy ect. Started the EU for free trade. Then in 1973 the uk joined along with Ireland. In 1985 Spain, Portugal and Greece joined.
Lastly in 2004 the eastern european countires such as hungary, cyrus and latvia ect joined (Assession countries)
countries that joined the EU earlier on seem to have higher GDPS over 20,000 but later countries seem to have under 20,000 ( excluding sweden, finland and austria )
why did existing EU members want to expand to the west
What are the advantages for the car industries in Slovakia
- political reasons to try for relationships with the east so it would drive them away from Russia
- closer than sending industries to America/Asia
- lower tax rates for TNCS
- skilled but low paid workers - Employment rate of 18%
- labour costs ( $4/hr in Slovakia compared to $30/hr in the UK )
- company tax of 19%
- EU paid for infrastructure such a motorways
what are some positives and negatives of the impacts of industrial shift in the EU for the Slovakian car industry
positives- Huge number of jobs created 10,000 by Peugeot alone
-The EU has invested billions in improving Slovakia’s infrastructure
- Slovakia now produces around 400,000 cars a year
- contributes to an increase in Slovakia’s GDP
Negatives - criticisms of tax breaks, low wages ect
- All factories are foreign meaning they could be moved in the future
- negative environmental impacts
- Led to deindustrialisation in other parts if the EU
What so you notice about the top 10 TNCs ( Profit )
what are some of the most recognisable TNCs and why
Many are owned by Ac’s such as China and America. Also they are very technology and banking based
Apple, google, McDonald’s and coca cola
they are popular in the media and they have cheap products for consumer to buy and we can see/use them daily in our lives because they are everywhere
What are the links between
- Availability of cheap labour
- Fewer environmental restrictions
had on the growth of TNCs
- Availability of cheap labour - Has allowed TNCs to expand around the world. Low wages allow TNCs to maximise their profits
- Fewer environmental restrictions - Means companies can build factory’s but also oil, gold companies etc can mine/ drill with no restrictions or high costs
What is the link between
- A globalised transportation network
- The growth of market in EDCs
have on the growth of TNCs.
- A globalised transport network - more people will be traveling for work meaning more workers in different countries but also demand for planes/cars will go up and trade will be easier for TNCs
- Growth of EDC markets - TNCs move to EDCs to profit because as people get more wealthy demand for luxury’s grow
What is the link between
- Government incentives
- internet spread
have on the growth of TNCs
- Government incentives - SEZs attracting company’s along with LIDCS and EDCS dropping tax rates and tariffs for trade.
- internet spread - Tec company’s have thrived but also communication is easier and there is more technology so trade and mass production is quicker and easier
Describe some of the reasons TNCs such as McDonalds spread to countries
tourism
collapse of communism
cultures
What is glocalisation
Making little changes to meet the needs/ taste of the country they are in.
What does the KOF globalisation index do and what does it measure
give details about it
Measures how globalised a country is
. economic development - Actual flows of trade, FDI and portfolio investment as well as restrictions disrupting the trade
. Social globalisation - spread of information, images and people e.g. museums, sport centres or numbers of McDonalds
- tourism
- internet users
. political globalisation - degrees of political corporation e.g. how many trade blocks involved in, number of embassies
What do the countries at the top of the KOF globalisation index have in common such as Switzerland, Netherlands, uk ect.
They have high amounts of trade and are in many trade blocs also all the countries are in Europe showing the KOF index states that Europe is the most globalised.
Small countries with large populations (ACS) need to provide for population so larger globalisation
ACS can afford internet/embassies etc
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the KOF index
Advantages =
- wide range of variables
- takes politics into account
- emphasis on culture and actual contact between countries
- quantifiable data
Disadvantages =
- Favours the establishes ACs ( China 71st )
- Are numbers of McDonalds and Ikeas
genuine measurements
- Easier for European nations to score higher due to the EU
- some states e.g. Somalia do not provide data
What are the stages in Rostow’s model
-Traditional society
- Pre-conditions take off
- Take-off
- Drive to maturity
- Age of high mass consumption
what are the features of traditional society
pre-conditions
in Rostow’s model
Traditional society - Most people work in agriculture they mainly make food to eat but sell a little to make money
pre-conditions take off farming shifts to manufacturing trade brings in money then invested into industry and agriculture
What are the features of
take off
drive to maturity
in Rostow’s model
Take off = Growth is rapid. Technology + investment create new manufacturing industry’s. Need investment from trade to happen
Drive to maturity = A period of growth. Technology is used and industries create consumer goods
what are the features of
Age of mass consumption
in Rostow’s model of development
Age of mass consumption = A period of comfort, they have many goods, Society can choose how to spend their wealth e.g. military, education ect.
what is a switched on country and a switched off country
switched on countries are highly connected to other countries in both human and physical factors e.g. UK, Japan
Switched off countries are that they don’t connect with other countries or aren’t developed e.g. North korea
How can we measure whether countries are switched off or on
- electricity usage - Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and Japan are all high electricity users but LIDCS and EDCs are in darkness
- Flight paths - huge connectivity in Europe and America. Busiest long haul flight is London to new York
- GDP per capita - shows total value of a countries wealth.
- migration flows - experience lots of many cultures and good global popularity
what is stage 1 and stage 2 in the cycle of industrial change
infancy - Scattered villages
and handicrafts and market towns
(Durham main historical settlement)
youth -Factory system emerges based on localised resources or innovations
- development of transport links
- Industrialisation
First commercial railway linking Stockton and Darlington
What is stage 3 and 4 is the cycle of industrial change
Maturity - Rapid growth of industry and infrastructure produces interconnected region
- Exports raw materials or finished products
coalmining + ship building were the biggest industries. Tyne ship yard produced over 1.3 of ships
senility - Decline of industry
-emigration of population
- Decrease in transport links
- negative multiplier and cumulative causation
What is stage 5 in the cycle of industrial change
rejuvenation - reindustrialisation
- inward investment
FDI successful . Nissan employed 8,000 people in Sunderland
10,000 call centre jobs created in the north of the UK.
what are push and pull factors for migration
push - government
- war
- quality of life
- tax rates
pull - political stability
- relaxed laws on migrants
- education
- security
- jobs
what are some factors that have linked to why levels of migration have increased
- trade blocs
- cheaper transport links
- political reasons
- increase in a countries GDP
- Wars
- Technology
What is an
- economic migrant
- elite international migrant
- low-waged international migrant
Economic - Somebody who moves to improve their standard of living through earning more money
Elite - affluent, highly skilled or socially influential individuals such as celebrities and footballers
Low waged - people drawn to developing countries despite low wages e.g. builders to UAE
What is an
- internal migrant
- refugee
- asylum seeker
internal migrant - Someone who migrates within a country e.g. rural - urban
Refugee - A person forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution or natural disaster
Asylum seeker - A person that makes a formal application for the right to remain in another country
What is GDP what measure of development is it
and what are the advantages and disadvantages
GDP(economic) - total value of all good and services produced by a country in one year
advantages - shows quality of life/education
- numerical value so easy to analyse
- data goes back decades so development can be tracked
disadvantages - Constantly fluctuates
- Doesn’t take into account population size
- Exchange rates
- Doesn’t tell us about the country e.g. social and political factors
What is GDP per capita and what type of measurement is it
what are the advantages and disadvantages
GDP per capita (economic) -Divides the country’s gross domestic product by its total population
advantages - takes population into account
- numerical data
- country’s will small populations benefit
disadvantages - Money may be distributed unevenly
- As commodity price fluctuates so does some country’s GDP per capita e.g. Qatar
What is HDI and what measurement is it
what does HDI measure and the advantages and disadvantages
Human development index (composite)
measures - life expectancy
- Average years of schooling
-GNI per capita
given a score between 0 and 1
Advantages - linked to individual quality of life
- Shows levels of equality/ distribution of wealth
- numerical data
disadvantages - not all countries produce data
what is life expectancy and what type of measurement is it
what are the advantages and disadvantages
life expectancy (social) - The average age which someone is expected to live in a country
advantages - people living long indicates there’s good healthcare, politics, economics etc
disadvantages - some factors might cut life expectancy e.g. war, famine
-Factors such as climate and diet effect it so not all about development
What is the infant mortality rate and what type of measurement is it
what are the advantages and disadvantages
infant mortality (social) - number of children dying under one years old in a given year per 1000 live births
advantages - indicates the quality of healthcare, water etc
disadvantages - Hard to get accurate figures in LIDCs
- could be a result of social/ political factors not development e.g. one baby in China rule
What is literacy rate and what type of measurement is it
what are the advantages and disadvantages
literacy rate (social) - percentage of people who can read and write
advantages - indicates amount of education on offer
- indicates employment sectors people work in
disadvantages - takes no notice of peoples other skills
- doesn’t tell us whether its due to fewer schools or children having to work etc
what is the definition of culture and cultural diffusion
Culture - The way of life, general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people at a particular time
cultural diffusion - Spread of cultural elements such as language, innovation, knowledge and customs etc
What is westernisation and cultural imperialism
westernisation - A country adopting the practises (cultural, economic or political) of western Europe or North America
cultural imperialism - Refers to the dominance of one culture over others
describe how do TNCs impact global culture
what are the impacts
- global dispersion of food, clothes etc
- Western TNCs have dominated lists of highest revenues for decades
- Worlds most recognised brands are mainly from the USA e.g. there’s a McDonalds in 119 countries
impacts
- create millions of jobs e.g. Nike in Bangladesh
- Bring cultural changes to many countries
- workers have very little power and all big decisions are made in the west
Describe how global media impacts global culture
what are the impacts
and some examples
- The media is dominated by the west
- Social media companies are predominantly westernised
examples - Hollywood images are associated with the American dream#
- BBC helps to maintain UKs cultural influence overseas
impacts
- Western festivities are shown e.g. Halloween and Xmas influencing cultures
- Media platforms are predominantly English so the language reaches further
Describe how Migration and tourism impact cultural change
what are the examples and impacts
- brings enormous cultural changes
- Europeans traveling the world during the British empire influenced cultures now
example - Leicester’s golden mile/ Diwali celebrations
impacts - most western cities are very diverse
- Bringing language and culture into countries and becoming aware of different cultures
What is cultural erosion and cultural hegemony
Cultural erosion - When parts of a culture start to disappear or become lost overtime
cultural hegemony - The dominance of one societal groups beliefs, values and norms over others
What are the advantages and disadvantages of cultural globalisation
Advantages - more diversity
- less language barriers
- local trends can spread quickly worldwide
- spread of culture e.g. food, clothes etc
- access to new religions and ways of life
Disadvantages - less multicultural diversity
- loss of tradition / culture
- estimated 50 global languages have become extinct since 1970
- may be backlash in countries due to westernisation
what are the 3 different borders we have studied and what are they like and what are the implications
- Melilla (Spanish) and Morocco
. 30ft high wall and very blocked off
. This means its hard to enter/exit and sends bad messages to people either side also Moroccans cant get into the EU - Netherlands and Belgium
. very open and no security (line on the ground)
. Means free movement can happen easily However they don’t know who’s coming in and out of the country - Spain and Gibraltar (british)
. passport control
. means people from Gibraltar cant get into Spain easily or EU
what happened to
UK migration in
1945-65
1960s
1970s
. 1945-65 - 500,000 Caribbeans moved to the UK
. 1960s - Textile industry booming, attracting 750,000 Pakistanis and 1,000,000 Indians. 30,000 Ugandans also arrived (mainly in leics)
. 1970s - Immigration increases due to economic boom
what happened to UK migration in
2004
2010
The present day
. 2004 - 8 eastern European nations join EU 1,500,000 immigrants arrive due to the UK not limiting their boarders
. 2010 - The new conservative government set targets of reducing migration to ‘tens of thousands’. Target not reached - average 250,000 immigrants per year
. The present day - 2020 13% of all residents are born out side of the UK
2024 seen one of the highest numbers of immigration at around 800,000
what are the advantages of migration
- more people to do low pay jobs and wages
- More culture being introduced such as food and celebrations
- more people to pay tax
- more highly skilled workers (bring new skills)
- Elite migration
What are the disadvantages of Migration
- Job shortages meaning mass unemployment
- social tensions
- Housing demand increase
- Emergency services being strained + schools
- language barriers
- Remittances (sending money back to their home countries to their families)
What is populist extremism and what are their views
They have extreme views
Growth in support for right wing political groups around the world
common views:
- hostility towards immigration
- Lack of tolerance of cultural diversity
- Desire to protect natural culture
- often anti-globalisation
- favour economic protectionism
What are some examples of populist extremism
- The ‘Stop the boats’ policy in Australia. Boats coming from Asia to Australia (18,000 try to cross a year) are now intercepted by vessels and are escorted or sent back
- Trump has moved towards are more protectionist agenda and wants to revitalise the American industry. He has threatened to put tax on European cars and tweets about the threat of Islam etc.
What are the first nation groups in Canada
and what has happened regarding them
They are indigenous groups known as the first nations
- many tribes have had a conflict with globalisation indirectly as one tribal group agreed to allow oil development in return for 20kn of exclusion. First nation groups have negotiated the deal with oils sans industry worth $100 million and have the right to turn down development in designated tribal lands
What is internet censorship (China)
For 70 years China has been run by a communist party
- 1988 Chinese students demonstrated against the government resulting in many being killed due to an army crack down many young Chinese citizens dont know this ever took place
- Chinese banned western media and replaced it with their own so over 400 Chinese citizens interact via local social media sites
what is internet censorship (north Korea)
- North Koreans have 0 access to western media
- North Korea have 4 tv channels which are by the government and highly monitored by the police
What are some impacts of globalisation on the environment
- Chinas air quality is so bad it contributes to 1.6 million deaths a year
- 2.6 billion car journeys made globally each day
- 15 billion trees are cut down every year due to land changes
- 8 million pieces of plastic pollution find there way into our oceans everyday
Define sustainability
‘meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’
Define localism
and provide examples and facts
Whats the case study linking?
localism - A preference for ones own area or region. Often linked to environmental and social sustainability e.g. local foods
. locally sourced produce
. supporting local businesses
. minimising environmental impacts
. but its expensive
case study - Totnes transition town
Define ethical consumption
and provide examples and facts
What is the case study linking?
Making connections between a product and where it originated from. Requires the consumer to think before they shop and their life style choices
. Social/ environmental / responsibility
. Anti-exploitation of cheap labour
. Support of NGOS
. Consideration of cost of products
case study - Fair trade café direct
Define recycling
and provide examples and facts
what’s the case study linking?
The action or process of converting waste into reusable material
. Reducing pressure on land fill sites
. Reduce rate of natural resource usage
. Promote resource sustainability
case study - keep Britain tidy
What is deglobalisation
Involves decreasing rather than increasing, economic integration of countries and reduced movement of goods, services and capital across countries
How could Brexit be linked to the idea of deglobalisation
Brexit shocked the world and could spark the eventual break down of the EU if other countries follow bm
