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globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

what are 3 example that
has accelerated globalisation and how
t , t , c

A

transport = transport accelerated in the 19th century.
It became cheaper to fly and the number of people flying grew by 4 billion from 1980-2012
containerisation transformed shipping. Cutting the time and costs for transportation of goods
trade = trade accelerated during the British empire
trade blocks such as the EU has reduced barriers to trade among countries
Communications = internet has heightened interactivity
easier to communicate with other countries
internet users has increased by 2 billion between 2000-2014

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2
Q

what does offshoring and outsourcing mean

A

offshoring = when a company moves it whole operations to a different countries but the people are employed by the company
outsourcing = when a company gets a company in another country to do their work for them however the company wont know who is making their products or where they are coming from.

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3
Q

what is FDI ( foreign direct investment ) and cumulative causation

A

FDI = investment from one company into another country
cumulative causation = when a particular area specialises in one industry

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4
Q

what are SEZs

A

special economic zones are where company’s are offered duty free importation, 100% income tax etc. So company’s want to invest.

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5
Q

What is the WTO

A

World trade organisation

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6
Q

what is the role of the WTO and when was it set up

A

It was set up in 1947
- promotes free trade without tariffs and restrictions
- promotes economic development in LIDCS
- Allows countries to invest on a global scale
- they currents have 164 members with a waiting list to join

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7
Q

what are positives of the WTO

A
  • Trade disputes have declined by 400%
  • Trade tariffs have declined to a tenth of what they used to be
  • 500 million people lifted out of poverty since 1995
  • massive increase in world trade
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8
Q

what are the criticisms of the WTO

A
  • Huge inequality with the worlds poorest countries only being made up of 0.4% of the votes
  • previous trade disputes are shown to favour rich nations ( USA owns 20% of votes due to their large membership fee )
  • lower prices has led to poverty in LIDCs but benefits the AC consumers
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9
Q

what is a Commodity and what are the most traded commodity’s

A

A substance or natural product that can be traded, brought or sold
oil
coffee
gas
gold

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10
Q

What is a single export country

A

A country dependant on one product for more than half of their exports

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11
Q

What are the potential dangers of being a single export country

A
  • They could have a bad harvest/ have crops fail
  • Price of commodities can go up and down with demand
  • finite products can be used up or go down/up in price
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12
Q

what is the spatial variation between coffee producers and consumers

A

The consumers aren’t producing coffee such as Finland, America etc and are mainly AC countries.
The biggest producers are around the equator where the coffee beans can grown and are predominantly LIDCs (except Brazil)

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13
Q

what are the main aims of the world bank

A
  • fights poverty by offering developmental assistance to middle and low-income countries
  • Eliminate poverty by helping people help themselves
  • assists through loans, financial support and technical assistance
  • 3% of the world population by 2030
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14
Q

what are the positives of World bank

A
  • billions of dollars per year in development
  • Lends money to LIDCS
  • Many successful projects
  • Global poverty has fallen since it was established
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15
Q

What are the negatives of the world bank

A
  • Loans have strings attached - conditionality
  • projects funded by world bank have has negative social and environmental impacts
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16
Q

what are the main aims of the international monetary fund

A
  • monitors global economy
  • lends money to members in difficulty
  • provides advice to all members
  • Tries to stabilise exchange rates
  • promotes change between nations
17
Q

what are the positives of the IMF

A
  • Expert advice to all members states
  • Loans and financial support when needed
  • have helped prevent the bankruptcy of some members
  • stabilise exchange rates to allow for future planning
18
Q

what are the negatives of the IMF

A
  • Dominated by wealthy members who usually attach conditions to assistance
  • political interference
  • Ten riches nations possess 60% of voting rights
19
Q

what do you notice in regards to
- Tariffs
- Products
- Workers
- currencies
- Interest rates
in the starting point of the EU

A

Tariffs - Tariffs and taxes on almost every good
Products - Many countries specialise in 2/3 products
Workers - No free movement many worked in their birth country
Currencies - Every country had its own currency
Interest rates - Every country set its own interest rate

20
Q

what happened to tariffs and workers when there was some co-operation when the EU was starting

A

Tariffs - No tariffs around member states
Workers - Free movement of workers around all member countries meaning people moved countries for work

21
Q

what happened to protect countries in the trade bloc and the currencies when the EU was starting

A

Protection - complete freedom to trade inside the EU. Tariffs for countries not in the EU (common external tariffs)
Currencies - All countries in the EU apart from a few changed to the euro. EU controlled interest rates of that currency

22
Q

describe the spatial expansion of the EU and the variations in their economic data

A

1957 - France, Germany, Italy ect. Started the EU for free trade. Then in 1973 the uk joined along with Ireland. In 1985 Spain, Portugal and Greece joined.
Lastly in 2004 the eastern european countires such as hungary, cyrus and latvia ect joined (Assession countries)

countries that joined the EU earlier on seem to have higher GDPS over 20,000 but later countries seem to have under 20,000 ( excluding sweden, finland and austria )

23
Q

why did existing EU members want to expand to the west

What are the advantages for the car industries in Slovakia

A
  1. political reasons to try for relationships with the east so it would drive them away from Russia
    - closer than sending industries to America/Asia
    - lower tax rates for TNCS
    - skilled but low paid workers
  2. Employment rate of 18%
    - labour costs ( $4/hr in Slovakia compared to $30/hr in the UK )
    - company tax of 19%
    - EU paid for infrastructure such a motorways
24
Q

what are some positives and negatives of the impacts of industrial shift in the EU for the Slovakian car industry

A

positives- Huge number of jobs created 10,000 by Peugeot alone
-The EU has invested billions in improving Slovakia’s infrastructure
- Slovakia now produces around 400,000 cars a year
- contributes to an increase in Slovakia’s GDP
Negatives - criticisms of tax breaks, low wages ect
- All factories are foreign meaning they could be moved in the future
- negative environmental impacts
- Led to deindustrialisation in other parts if the EU

25
Q

What so you notice about the top 10 TNCs ( Profit )

what are some of the most recognisable TNCs and why

A

Many are owned by Ac’s such as China and America. Also they are very technology and banking based

Apple, google, McDonald’s and coca cola
they are popular in the media and they have cheap products for consumer to buy and we can see/use them daily in our lives because they are everywhere

26
Q

What are the links between
- Availability of cheap labour
- Fewer environmental restrictions
had on the growth of TNCs

A
  • Availability of cheap labour - Has allowed TNCs to expand around the world. Low wages allow TNCs to maximise their profits
  • Fewer environmental restrictions - Means companies can build factory’s but also oil, gold companies etc can mine/ drill with no restrictions or high costs
27
Q

What is the link between
- A globalised transportation network
- The growth of market in EDCs
have on the growth of TNCs.

A
  • A globalised transport network - more people will be traveling for work meaning more workers in different countries but also demand for planes/cars will go up and trade will be easier for TNCs
  • Growth of EDC markets - TNCs move to EDCs to profit because as people get more wealthy demand for luxury’s grow
28
Q

What is the link between
- Government incentives
- internet spread
have on the growth of TNCs

A
  • Government incentives - SEZs attracting company’s along with LIDCS and EDCS dropping tax rates and tariffs for trade.
  • internet spread - Tec company’s have thrived but also communication is easier and there is more technology so trade and mass production is quicker and easier
29
Q

Describe some of the reasons TNCs such as McDonalds spread to countries

A

tourism
collapse of communism
cultures

30
Q

What is glocalisation

A

Making little changes to meet the needs/ taste of the country they are in.

31
Q

What does the KOF globalisation index do and what does it measure

give details about it

A

Measures how globalised a country is
. economic development - Actual flows of trade, FDI and portfolio investment as well as restrictions disrupting the trade
. Social globalisation - spread of information, images and people e.g. museums, sport centres or numbers of McDonalds
- tourism
- internet users
. political globalisation - degrees of political corporation e.g. how many trade blocks involved in, number of embassies

32
Q

What do the countries at the top of the KOF globalisation index have in common such as Switzerland, Netherlands, uk ect.

A

They have high amounts of trade and are in many trade blocs also all the countries are in Europe showing the KOF index states that Europe is the most globalised.
Small countries with large populations (ACS) need to provide for population so larger globalisation
ACS can afford internet/embassies etc

33
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the KOF index

A

Advantages =
- wide range of variables
- takes politics into account
- emphasis on culture and actual contact between countries
- quantifiable data
Disadvantages =
- Favours the establishes ACs ( China 71st )
- Are numbers of McDonalds and Ikeas
genuine measurements
- Easier for European nations to score higher due to the EU
- some states e.g. Somalia do not provide data

34
Q

What are the stages in Rostow’s model

A

-Traditional society
- Pre-conditions take off
- Take-off
- Drive to maturity
- Age of high mass consumption

35
Q

what are the features of traditional society
pre-conditions
in Rostow’s model

A

Traditional society - Most people work in agriculture they mainly make food to eat but sell a little to make money

pre-conditions take off farming shifts to manufacturing trade brings in money then invested into industry and agriculture

36
Q

What are the features of
take off
drive to maturity
in Rostow’s model

A

Take off = Growth is rapid. Technology + investment create new manufacturing industry’s. Need investment from trade to happen
Drive to maturity = A period of growth. Technology is used and industries create consumer goods

37
Q

what are the features of
Age of mass consumption
in Rostow’s model of development

A

Age of mass consumption = A period of comfort, they have many goods, Society can choose how to spend their wealth e.g. military, education ect.

38
Q

what is a switched on country and a switched off country

A

switched on countries are highly connected to other countries in both human and physical factors e.g. UK, Japan

Switched off countries are that they don’t connect with other countries or aren’t developed e.g. North korea

39
Q

How can we measure whether countries are switched off or on

A
  • electricity usage - Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and Japan are all high electricity users but LIDCS and EDCs are in darkness
  • Flight paths - huge connectivity in Europe and America. Busiest long haul flight is London to new York
  • GDP per capita - shows total value of a countries wealth.
  • migration flows - experience lots of many cultures and good global popularity

geography (globalisation) (2 decks)

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