case studies Flashcards
what is the India case study
The call centres
why is India a good place to invest
large workforce
low cost of wages
world class infrastructure
coastline
politically stable
SEZs ( special economic zones )
why do the people in the call centre like to work there
pays them as much a doctor would in india ($5000)
provides for their families
lots of hours
why is it bad to work in the call centres in India
have to speak fluent English
lose their accent which can make them loose their identity and also their Indian name
where is the coffee trade case study
Ethiopia
what is the ICA and why did it exist
international coffee agreement (1945-1990)
- America fixed the coffee prices meaning coffee farmers can live off a decent liveable wage
- stop these countries becoming communist
- price collapsed by 60% once agreement over
What are the advantages of the trade for Ethiopia
increases employment levels
improves living standard
improves global popularity
what could be done to help Ethiopia
drawbacks of them?
- Reintroduce the ICA (but it goes against free trade)
- refine the coffee in Ethiopia (not developed enough)
- increase the tax on TNCS (may drive them out)
- coffee tax
- Buy fair trade coffee (more expensive)
why is it so difficult for Ethiopia to use the coffee as a spur for development
- They don’t decide their prices ( London and new York stock exchange )
- coffee farmers get paid 0.01% of their sales prices
- There imports are higher than their exports
what are the historical contexts of the Jamaica case study
1962 - Jamaica gained independence from the British empire
1973 - Economy struggles during an oil crisis
1975 - lome conversation signed to protect former British colony’s (Uk and Jamaica banana deal)
late 1970s - IMf loan $800 million
what was the banana war in Jamaica and the details
what IGO was involved
1975 - Uk agreed a deal saying they would buy there bananas from Jamaica to help farmers
mid 1990s - USA approached the WTO to stop the trade dispute around bananas. They said the agreement wasn’t ‘free trade. WTO backed the USA meaning they has access to European banana markets and because they are cheaper Jamaica bananas were no longer brought
What did the banana wars do in Jamaica
Caused the bankruptcy of of 150,000 Caribbean farmers
What was the IMFs involvement in Jamaica
They loaned Jamaica $800 million
however it has a 23% interest and now because Jamaica kept renegotiating they now owe the IMF $8 billion
What was the World banks involvement in Jamaica
what were the negatives
They made kingston free trade zone ( A SEZ )
They invest $200 million in free trade this attracted company’s due to tariff free trade
It bring many Jamaicans jobs 30,000 ‘
however
- The employees complained of low wage and exploitation so they got sacked and replaced with international workers
- Also many farmers lost profits and there for there crops and jobs
Where is the garment industry and what are the positives and negatives of the TNCs operating there for the people
Bangladesh
positives - 3.6 million have been directly employed.
. 43% increase in exports in a one year period
. 10% of the nations GDP is made up from the garment industry
negatives - Safety regulations are often not enforced in factory’s (over 2000 injured in a year)
. child labour occurring
. the Bangladeshi economy has become reliant on the garment TNCs
. 80% of worker are uneducated women so they put up with the conditions and low pay
what are some facts/context about Coca Cola
and why is Coca Cola not available in North Korea and Cuba
- Available in over 200 countries
- 1.7 billion sold a day
- directly employs 150,000
-secret recipe only know by 7 people at one time - Invented in Atlanta, USA
- They own 4/5 of the best soft drinks ( Coca Cola, Diet coke, Fanta, Sprite )
It isn’t sold in North Korea because it is highly communist and doesn’t trade with the rest of the world. It isn’t sold in Cuba because they don’t trade with America
why has Coca Cola become a huge company
What are the problems with it
- Huge in advertisement campaigns e.g Christmas lorry, sponsorships
- Biggest sponsors of the world cub and the Olympics (Linking cola to sport)
Problems - links to obesity and poor health - have a 10% sugar tax on items in the Uk
- promoting unhealthy drinks
- Advertisements being moved after 9 at night
- Consumptions may decline
How does south Korea link to Rostow’s model
- ‘traditional society’ before 1910 Japanese rule
- Transition to ‘pre-conditions’ though the end of the colonial rule/conflict and their industrial revolution began
- Growth of textiles, steel and electronics initiates the rapid ‘take-off’
- They reached ‘Drive to maturity’ as the GDP increased substantially
They are now an advanced industrialised nation who shows factors of being in ‘age of high mass consumption’
Does south Korea follow Rostow’s model
yes south Koreas growth is relatively consistent with Rostow’s model
First 3 stages in same amount of time
What is the history and context behind North Korea
- Japanese rule in 1910
- Divide due to Korean war in 1950s
- North backed by China, South backed by the USA
- North inly trade with China
- only hereditary dictatorship
- one of the last communist regimes
- controlled by state
How is north Korea switched off
- Socially
- economically
- politically
socially - North Koreans cant leave
- access to western culture is banned
- minimal to foreign cultures
economic - 90% of imports come from China
- One of the 8 countries that have nuclear weapons
political - very strict communist regime
- everything controlled by the government
- only hereditary government
Where is Ethiopia located and what is its life expectancy and GDP
North eastern Africa
Boarders Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east
life expectancy = 65.5 yrs
GDP = $2802.60
What are the physical reasons Ethiopia is switched off
and political factors
physical - landlocked
- boarders Somalia who have a war and have bad relations with countries meaning they have bad relations
- thin soil, steep slopes
political- Many civil wars
- no repression the political opposition may be arrested or attacked if seen as a threat
- war with neighbouring country
- no free speech
What are the social and economic factors that Ethiopia is switched off
social - Only 15% can access the internet
- Rapidly growing population
- Ethnic tensions
- only 8% of girls in rural Ethiopia attend secondary school
economic - limited TNC investment (H&M only major industry)
- average wage is $90 a month
- export low value goods (coffee beans)
- reliant on international aid
describe the location of Zimbabwe
Southern Africa
Landlocked
south Africa to the south, Botswana west, Mozambique east and Zambia north
What are the biggest reasons Zimbabwe is switched off
-UDI lasted 15 years ( country because isolated socially and economically)
- Famine ( worst drought in 4 decades and 60% of people are malnourished)
- Racial segregation and land distribution
- mass unemployment (70-80% unemployed)
- living conditions in cities (hight crime and squatter settlement common)
- Robert Mugabe regime
- physical geography and climate (landlocked only 2 seasons either wet or dry)
- war + conflicts
- disease and healthcare outbreaks (15% HIV positive)
What is the historical background of Zimbabwe and the present day
History - became a British colony in 19th century
- long struggles of racial segregation
- 15 years of economic sanctions due to the UDI
- 5% of white people owned almost all land
present day - members of military attacking anyone with opposing views
- new currency because the other one was worthless
- droughts so crops aren’t growing
- people advocating for higher wages
What happened under Robert Mugabe rule in (1980-2017)
- He took land away from white farms however the people he gave it to were not farmers so agriculture declined “revolutionary land form”
- violence from military massacres
- maintained power through violent attacks on opposition members and corruption
- only resigned in 2017
Why should Venezuela be globalised and developed
Location - Not landlocked, boarders Brazil to the south
Resources - Largest oil reserves 18% of all oil is found there meaning large amount of trade/ relationships can be built
History - Part of the spanish empire (1522-1811) can mean trade relationships with former members
What was Venezuela like before the crisis
- Riches country in south America
- used oil revenues to create welfare, housing etc
- Government nationalised the oil industry and removed TNCs
- Gave free oil to left leaning allies
- Poverty rate fell from 48%-32%
-malnourishment fell by 50%
Why has Venezuela gone into crisis
- Dependent on oil
- Inflation of 13,000%
- global oil prices collapsed in 2010 by 2/3 because of the Canada oil reserves being founded
- huge inflation rates
- currency devalued by 96%
- USA refused to assist economically due to political reasons
Has south Korea embraced globalisation?
and what were the problems at the end of the Korean war
yes they have embraced globalisation
- There was no Peace treaty signed
- Major infrastructural and economic damage (dependent on aid from the USA)
- south Korea was one of the most poor in the world in 1955
What are the political and economic factors for development is south Korea
political - Alliance with US + Japan
- democratic government
- Army coo ( military dictatorship. Built a steel factory and infrastructure and set up car company’s and a ship building industry
economic - policy reforms opened the country to foreign markets
- Korean technology (Samsung)/ automobile sector has grown abroad
- large TNCS
- Worker worked large hours with little pay
What are the positives and negatives of globalisation in south Korea
positives - life expectancy and quality of living increased
- higher levels of human rights
- high performing education
negatives - high cost of living
- pressure in education
- Aging population ( by 2050 50% will be over 65 )
- Women’s rights aren’t good
- Gender pay gap
Why has China grown in the past years?
- Attracts billions of FDI
- Huge man power (19% of global population)
- Accounts for 18% of the worlds GDP
- In 15 years they have built the whole of Europe’s housing stock
- geographically secure
what are some of the economic and environmental changes in the rise of China
. economic - 3rd Largest economy in the world
- Attracts million of FDI
- The economy in China has grew 7 times faster than the USA over the past decade
. environmental - Chinas large cities have the worst air quality in the world (Beijing and shanghai)
- Produces 40% of worlds green house gases
- Major sea ports and rivers became so polluted so water based species have become extinct
what are the social changes in the rise of China
- most western media banned
- life expectancy grew from 36 to 76
- 95% can read and write
- 100 mill still in poverty
- Average wage is around £500 an month
What are some of the impacts of China’s growth on other countries
Huge amounts of pollution and loss of biodiversity due to green space being constantly destroyed and greenhouse gases being emitted
increase in trade disputes
what are the environmental impacts of the rise of China
- Air pollution in cites
- River species
- Three gorges Dam
- Deforestation
What are the impacts of Air pollution in cities and River species in China
. Air pollution - hazardous pollution levels
- 90% of Chinese cities failed the government pollution standards in 2015
- 20 of the top 50 most polluted cities are in China
- Overtook USA in being largest greenhouse gas producer in 2006
. River species - 1/3 river species in China has become extinct
- Extinction of the Baiji river dolphins
- 1/2 of all water supplies are deemed unsafe for human computation
what are the impacts of Three gorges dam and deforestation on the rise of China
Three gorges dam - Largest dam in the world
- relocated 1.2 million
- flooded 13 major cities and 140 large towns
- disrupts natural system e.g. deposition
Deforestation - 14% of China is covered by forests
- Illegal logging and slash and burn agriculture consume up to 5000 square kilometres of virgin forest a year
- mountains in the southwest have suffered serious deforestation
who are the Dene people and how has the tensions caused by globalisation effect them
First Nations tribe in Canada
- Death of tout and other fish in polluted water
- Effects of alcohol and drugs brought in by oil workers
- Loss of mass areas of forest
. What are the aims of Totnes transition town
. What does it link to
. What are some projects it is involved in
Links to Localism
- strengthen local economy
- reduce environmental impact
- Build our resistance for a future with less cheap energy and a changing climate
projects :
- ‘A skill share project’
- A grown in Totnes food delivery service ( products produced within 30 miles to reduce food miles )
what are the Pros and Cons on Totnes transition town
Pros - Resilience to global crisis
- stronger local economy’s
- very sustainable
Cons - local food is more expensive
- Outsiders are excluded so businesses cant grow
- Dependent on a group of volunteers with enough time to organise the schemes
(Excludes low income groups)
What is fair trade and what are the aims
what does this link into
Links into Ethical consumption
Fair trade is an arrangement to help producers achieve sustainable and equitable trade relationships. Combines higher prices to consumers
started in 1991 by Oxfam
Aims - A growth market to ensure higher proportions of profits go to producers
- Promoting sustainability
- Non-exploitative practises
What are the advantages and disadvantages of fair trade
what is an example of a fair trade campain
. Advantages - Challenges increasing power of TNCs
- Wide range of products embraced by TNCs (nestle, mars etc)
- Allows farmers to increase their power and influence
. Disadvantages - Still a minority (less than 1%)
- Not active in some of the poorest regions
- Expensive products
- Café direct
What are the main aims of keep Britain tidy and what are some projects
- What does it link to
Links to resource recycling
Aims - Live more sustainably
- Reduce resource use
- improve quality of public spaces
Projects - # little Hero’s ( UKs largest number of litter pickers )
- Beach cleans in the south west (1000 beaches across Devon and Cornwall have been cleaned)
- Charge for plastic bags ( 40% reduction in usage )
