globalisation

Question 1

define the Westphalian principles of state sovereignty

Answer 1

that the nation state has exclusive sovereignty over its borders and should not have external influence within its borders

Question 2

define nation state

Answer 2

a country where a government has absolute authority in a geographical region where its members share a similar cultural identity

Question 3

how are realists sceptical of regional governance

Answer 3

as they believe that the greatest authority is at national state level so regional governance would undermine hits

Question 4

describe the meaning and significance of the realist billiard ball model on international relations

Answer 4

it displays nations as colliding with each other but retaining their outer shell of sovereingty shows the Westphalian principles of state sovereignty

Question 5

how do liberals critique the westaphalian principles of state sovereignty

Answer 5

its commitment to national sovereignty doesn’t provide an effective way of resolving global collective dilmees such as climate change, covid
Westphalian approach = impossible to achieve universal applicable international standard of human rights

Question 6

why are realists sceptical of liberal attempts to establish regional and global institutions of human rights protection

Answer 6

they argue that the nation state should protect their sovereign independence and therefore liberal attempts to protect human rights are irrelevant to national policies

Question 7

twe does the Westphalia principles of state sovereignty undermine attempts to establish an international standard of human rights protection

Answer 7

as supranational judicial institutions require states to accept their jurisdiction such as the ECtHR
however if a nation state refuses then the supranational body cannot impose an external standard of justice

Question 8

how does the world bank encourage economic growth int the developing world

Answer 8

it provides loans to newly developing and low income countries, this introduces freemarket SAP’s and enables them to develop opportunities in global trade

Question 9

what is cultural globalisation how has it contributed to the homogenisation of global culture

Answer 9

• the increase of spread of a ntations own unique culture through flows of media etc.
  International materialism based on brand recognition has led to americanisation of global culture

Question 10

how do hyper - globalisers view globalisation

Answer 10

they believe it has widened and deepened the interconnectedness to such an extent that its impact is inescapable

Question 11

how do globalisation sceptics view globalisation

Answer 11

that the nation state is still sovereign and the main player
they recognise that there have been periods of globalisation before and it isn’t a new phenomenon

Question 12

what is the cobweb model and how does it highlight the liberal view of globalisation

Answer 12

that states have become so interconnected and interdependent that there have forged beneficial links like cobwebs such as trading links between nation states
this reduces the importance of the nation state and erodes away state sovereignty

Question 13

why do liberals and realists differ so strongly on the desirability of humanitarian interventions

Answer 13

as liberals believe in universal human rights, interventions are justified to protect basics needs and rights

whilst realists argue that authority is concentrated in the nation state and therefore human rights global governance is irrelevant

Question 14

why do classical liberals support economic globalisation

Answer 14

as it brings global benefit and they favour the free market
all state have a comparative advantage to exploit in global commerce thus increasing their trade and wealth.
reducing tariffs further benefits the global consumers as this reduces the costs of goods

Question 15

how significant has the impact of economic globalisation been

Answer 15

the economies of the majority on state have become increasingly interconnected. this has encouraged a dramatic reduction in global poverty and shifting the geo-strategic influence from the global north to global south.

however arguably this has also entrenched poverty to a greater extent through a ‘race to the bottom’

Question 16

in what ways has economic globalisation challenged the north south divide

Answer 16

greater convergence between global north and south
global south has taken advantage of manufacturing opportunities due to global shift which has been offered by economic globalisation

Question 17

how does the European unions court of justice challenge the sovereignty of its members

Answer 17

as it takes priority over domestic laws and members are required to follow these rulings

Question 18

how has political globalisation opened up political decision making to non state actors

Answer 18

as global governance allows non state actors to engage in a political dialogue with nation states
e.g. lobbying groups attending climate conferences

Question 19

why has economic globalisation been criticised

Answer 19

• the dependency created by SAP’s
• has lead to low paid exploited workers as a result of a ‘race to the bottom’

Question 20

why is the UNR2P so controversial

Answer 20

as realists believe that human rights shouldn’t undermine the sovereignty of nation states, it is also exclusive to western powers so has clear Neo-colonial links
whereas liberals respond that it provides international recognition of human rights and a national states moral obligation to its citizens

Question 21

twe does the ECtHR challenge state sovereignty of members

Answer 21

as member states should following rulings however compliance is difficult to enforce as there is no greater power than state power so practically this is limited

Question 22

explain the connection between covid and globalisation

Answer 22

• negative aspects of an interconnected world as constant flow of migration helped spread and infect people globally, this making it difficult for nation states to protect citizens health
• however also highlighted the strength of nations through vaccine diplomacy such as china and Russia

Question 23

why is cultural globalisation increasingly being seen as more than just americanisation

Answer 23

as the USA’s cultural hegemony is being challenged by emerging cultures, leading to different identities and greater choice and variety in global culture

Question 24

in what ways has economic globalisation helped lessen poverty

Answer 24

the developing world’s low-cost workforce had provided a regular income. a reduction of tariffs has reduced the costs of goods, increasing the spending power of the worlds poor

Question 25

how has globalisation lead to environmental degradation

Answer 25

increased global trade = increased industrialisation and transport = increase in global carbon emissions and pollution

Question 26

how does political globalisation enable nation states to resolve collective dilemmas

Answer 26

as it encourages cooperation with non state actors and IGO’s to try and resolve them e..g cops

Question 27

why is globalisation often seen as advancing interests of the west

Answer 27

as it has advanced the interest of western TNC’s encouraging americanisation of global culture
WTO = ‘rich mans club’ = us veto in major igos = imf 17%, wb 16%

Question 28

how significant has the impact of economic globalisation been on the global balance of power

Answer 28

it has encouraged growth of the emerging powers - china and india. growth of BRICS, transferring power for the global north to global south

however the 2 biggest economics globally in 2021 are the USA and EU, thus highlighting that although it is being challenged there is still greater dominance of western power economically

Question 29

does political globalisation provide an effective response to the challenge of climate change

Answer 29

the UNFCC enables states to negotiate a collective response to climate change, however failure to establish binding national carbon reduction targets = unwillingness of many countries to reduce carbon emissions as it works in their economic favour

Question 30

why is impact of cultural globalisation controversial

Answer 30

it creates a global culture uniting people
it encourages rapid materialism which undermines unique valuable local cultures
has encouraged identity politics