globalisation Flashcards
globalisation
• Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of societies, so that what happens in one locality is shaped by distant events and vice versa. It may also be referred to as a global village.
• Held et al suggests that there is a globalisation of crime – an increasing interconnectedness of crime across national borders. The same process that has brought about the globalisation of legitimate activities has also brought about the spread of transnational organised crime.
Castells
• argues that there is now a global criminal economy worth over £1 trillion per annum.
• global criminal economy has a supply and demand relationship
• This takes a number of forms;
-trafficking women & children, 1/2 a million people trafficked to western europe each year
-cyber crime, identity theft and child pornography
Castells evaluation
Left realists argue increasingly materialistic culture promoted by the global media portrays success in terms of lifestyle of consumption
Taylor - globalisation, capitalism and crime
• By giving free rein to market forces, globalisation has created greater inequality and rising crime.
• Deregulation has meant that governments have little control over their economies,
• Marketisation has encouraged people to see themselves as individual consumers undermining social cohesion.
• these factors create insecurity + widening inequality that encourage the poor to commit crime as the lack of legitimate opportunity drives the unemployed to look for illegitimate ones. At the same time globalisation creates criminal opportunities for elite groups on a grand scale.
eg transnational corporations to switch manufacturing to low wage countries.
evaluation of Taylor
Left realists argue increasingly materialistic culture promoted by the global media portrays success in terms of lifestyle of consumption.
Hobbs and Dunningham - globalisation and criminal organisations
• found that the way crime is organised is linked by the economic changes brought by globalisation.
• it involves entrepreneurial individuals with contacts, acting as a ‘hub’ where a flexible network forms, integrating legitimate and illegitimate activities.
• They conclude that crime works as a ‘glocal’ system. It is still locally based, but with global connections.
E.g. Drugs are exported from their origins but major suppliers will need local contacts to sell them.
evaluation of Hobbs and Dunningham
Glenny - McMafia
• looks at the relationship between globalisation and criminal organisation in “McMafia”; the organisations that emerged in Russia and Eastern Europe following the fall of communism
• Glenny traces the origins of transnational organised crime to the breakup of the Soviet Union, which coincided with the deregulation of global markets.
• To protect wealth, capitalists turned to mafias that began to spring up. The new Russian organisations were purely economic organisations formed to pursue self-interest. With the assistance of violent organisations, the billionaires protected their wealth. Criminal organisations were vital to the entry of the new Russian capitalist class in the world economy. At the same time the Russian mafias were able to build links with criminal organisations with other parts in the world.
evaluation of Glenny
wall - global cyber crime
Policing cyber-crime is particularly difficult because of the sheer scale of the internet and the limited resources of the police, and also because of its globalised nature, which poses problems of jurisdiction. Police culture also gives cyber-crime a low priority because it is seen as lacking the excitement of more conventional policing.
• Cyber-trespass – crossing boundaries into others’ cyber property. It includes hacking and sabotage such as spreading viruses.
•Cyber-deception and theft – including identity theft, ‘phishing’ snd violation of intellectual property rights.
•Cyber-pornography – including porn involving minors, and opportunities for children to access porn on the net.
• Cyber-violence – doing psychological harm or inciting physical harm. Cyber-violence includes cyber-stalking and hate crimes against minority groups, as well as bullying by text.
evaluatation of wall
Swash - An estimated 95% of music available online is downloaded illegally
