Globalisation

Question 1

EasyJet

Answer 1

1995 Only in UK Now over 300 routes through Europe.

Question 2

EU

Answer 2

Protectionism of shoe industry from cheap Chinese and Vietnemese imports. 2004, 10 new EU countries meant Tesco gained access to 75 million new customers.

Question 3

Tanzania Water privatisation

Answer 3

WB and IMF loan lead to privatisation of water industry. Biwater, TNC, failed to make profit so water bills rose. Tanzanian government cancelled contract in 2005 and Biwater taking them to court.

Question 4

Bretton Woods

Answer 4

Set up in 1944 as a response to view that German and Austrian preotectionism caused WW2. Global financial crisis which originated in EU and US money markets undermined markets.

Question 5

China Open Door Policy

Answer 5

In 1978 following the Death of Mao Zedong China transitioned from a centrally planned economy to a market economy.
This pulled hundreds of millions out of poverty.125 million jobs created. Rural businesses up 35%. FDI increased with $68 billion invested into China in 1990.
During Mao regime China was isolated and poor with many dying of famine.
After Open Door Policy, China industrialized and TNCs established low wage factories. SEZs established which contributed 50% of China’s GDP by 1990s.

Question 6

Asia Global Shift

Answer 6

Wealth, improved education. Exploited labour force with bad labour conditions. Pollution leading to health effects. Political Power. Poverty levels down leading to growing middle class and mass consumption leading to more pollution/waste.
Rapid Urbanisation.
3 billion working class by 2030.

Question 7

Detroit Good Days

Answer 7

Big Car industry with vertically integrated production lines. Henry Ford became very wealthy however he invested a lot of his profits into social welfare and paid a reasonably high wage.
Created a growing middle class and consumerist culture increasing quality of life. Mass production leads to Mass employment Leading to Mass Consumerism.
Population grew from less that 80,000 in 1870 to over 1.5 million in 1930.

Question 8

Decline of Detroit

Answer 8

Late 1960s growth in industry from abroad and social and ethnic tensions led to a cycle of decline. 5 day riot in 1967 in black neighbourhood led to 7000 arrests.
White flight occurred to suburbs 80,000 left in 1968. Left Detroit with mass unemployment and high crime rates.
Offshoring increased poverty. As worker left tax revenue decreased and city became divided by wealthy suburbs and declining city centre with social problems.
Racial inequality Livingstone County 96% white median income $73,000 Detroit City 82% black median income $26,000 40% live in poverty. Unemployment rate 23%. High murder rate and low education rate.

Question 9

Globalisation Environmental Impacts

Answer 9

Containerisation increases pollution. Habitats are destroyed due to economic specialisation and roads. Deforestation in Brazil, Overfishing etc… Biodiversity loss and population size of all species has dropped 68% since 1970.

Question 9

BP oil spill 2010

Answer 9

Deepwater Horizon exploded killing 11 people. Leaked 40,000 barrels per day. Cost $40 billion. Leak killed thousands of marine animals

Question 9

Great Pacific Garbage Patch

Answer 9

Large patch of microplastics caused by human waste.

Question 10

2006 Ivory Coast Toxic waste dumping

Answer 10

Ship dumped 500,000 tonnes of toxic waste in Ivory Coast. 15 Dead 100,00 seeking medical attention. As they wouldn’t pay $500,000 to safely dispose of waste.

Question 11

China workshop of the world

Answer 11

Air pollution in cities reduces life expectancy by 5 years. Car Ownership has grown from 1 in 100 families to 1 in 5 since 2000. Chinese banks are now some of the largest TNCs in the world.

Question 12

Indonesia land degradation and loss of biodiversity

Answer 12

Rainforests and peatland being taken down for palm oil and paper plantations making Indonesia the 3rd largest greenhouse gas emitter. Biofuels leading to monoculture farming as a replacement for grenhouse gases increasing. 50% of Indonesia’s peatland already cleared.

Question 13

China and poisoned i phones

Answer 13

Poor working conditions in apple factories. 62 workers required medical attention after poisonous cleaining product used in one factory. 54% of apple manufacturers break 60 hour weekly working limit. 35% did not meet wage requirements.

Question 14

Migration facts

Answer 14

3% world population live outside of Birth Country
Refugees and Asylum Seekers make up 8% of international migrants.
Migration has caused a rise in rightwing viewpoints with 68% of Hungarian votes for nationalist parties.
$48 billion sent out of USA in remmittances in 2009.
India recieved $440 billion in remmittances in 2010.
Most UK migrants from India, Pakistan, Ireland and Poland.
In Saudi Arabia 85% of workforce is foreign labour.

Question 15

UK migration perceptions

Answer 15

39% say migration should stay the same. 44% say is should be reduced.
In 1979 85% thought there were too many immigrants.
Immigrants fill vital NHS jobs .
Brexit caused 200,000 EU residents to leave the UK.

Question 16

Mumbai/Dharavi

Answer 16

55% of Mumbai population live on 6% of the land. Dharavi is home to 1.2 million.
24% of residents have access to safe water, Annual business turnover £650 million each year.
Mumbai population rapidly grown due to rural-urban migrants seeking economic oppurtunity, population grown from 8 million in 1971 to 21 million now.
Dharavi prime target for redevelopment as it is located next to the financial district. $2 billion development project.
50% Mumbai population live in slums. Mumbai population density 30,000 per km squared. Dharavi population density 333,333
93% Dharavi residents don’t want to move despite relatively poor condition.
95% Dharavi workers live in Dharavi
Average job length 18 years.

Question 17

Changing diets in Asia

Answer 17

Traditional Asian diets often low in meat and high in vegetables. This is changing as the emerging middle class are consuming more meat and fast food.
During the 1990s China’s annual meat consumption per capita jumped from 5kg to 50kg.
Livestock farming has become a new focus of Asian agriculture causing a rise in methane emissions.
Large parts of the Amazon have been cleared to make space for soya cultivation to feed Chinese cattle.

Question 18

Indigenous people of Papua New Guinea and Amazonia

Answer 18

Members of previously uninterrupted tribes are becoming aware of western culture and many young Amazonians are leaving the rainforest for nearby urban areas.
Cultural erosion as many communities no longer value ecosystems as much as they used to.

Question 19

French anti-globalisation methods

Answer 19

Subsidises French language filmmaking.
40% of TV must be French productions.
French music heavily promoted on radio

Question 20

China reaction against globalisation

Answer 20

Internet users can’t use facebook or see BBC.
Only 34 foreign films allowed per year.

Question 21

Millenium development goals

Answer 21

8 goals such as end extreme poverty and promote gender equality. Replaced by 17 sustainable development goals since 2015

Question 22

UK migration

Answer 22

Polish migrants joined existing migrant community in Balham and made positive contribution to local economy. However there are concerns that crude birth rate has increased beyond the capacity of local primary schools.
UK to med migration grown since freedom of movement within EU introduced in 1993. British areas identifiable through bars and cafes.
UK inward migration has dramatically increased in recent years.

Question 23

Ogoni tribes Nigeria

Answer 23

Shell began extracting oil from Niger delta, and Ogoni chiefs were concerned on its impact on the well being and livelihoods of the Ogoni.
Between 1976 and 1991, 2 million barrels of oil were spilt in Ogoniland.
Protests led to conflict with police. Ken Saro Wiwa began appealing to international community in 1991. 1995 Ogoni 9 including Ken Saro Wiwa executed.
Shell stopped producing oil in 1993 after 2000 were said to have been killed in police clashes.
Shell was complicit in violence.

Question 24

Internet censorship in China

Answer 24

People imprisoned for online activities such as ‘political violations’ Internet actively supports communist party.
Chinese government posts 450 million posts per year.
They employ 2 million people to censor the internet.

Question 25

Migrant crossings British Channel

Answer 25

French and UK governments working together to stop migrants crossing British channel. In 2018, UK pledged £44.5 million for fencing, CCTV and detention technology in Calais.
Drones and Navy ships deployed to combat the problem.

Question 26

Transition Towns - Todmordon

Answer 26

Towns that make a conscious effort to make sure that food is sourced locally. Sustainable communities that are less reliant on global trade.
‘Incredible Edible Todmordon’ recieves National Lottery funding. It has created 40 public fruit and vegetable patches and stages regular educational events in the town.
Public flower beds are turned into vegetable patches.
Businesses, Farmers, Schools and the community are involved.

Question 27

Rana Plaza collapse

Answer 27

Dhaka, Bangladesh 2013, Death of 1100 textile workers. Workers sent into work despite obvious cracks in the building.
Walmart and Matalan outsourced clothing orders to Rana Plaza.

Question 28

Ethical consumption schemes

Answer 28

Fairtrade - Offers a guarenteed higher income to farmers and some manufacturers even if market prices change.
Waitrose Foundation - Improved pay for farmers in their own supply chain. Hard to ensure that money is correctly distributed and it is not possible for all farmers to join the scheme.
Supply Chain Monitoring - Gap and Nike prohibit worker exploitation.
5p plastic bag charge - New Plastic bag use down 95%
Morrisons - Nations local foodmaker - locally sourced produce put in shops - local sourcing.

Question 29

COP 26

Answer 29

Current pledges limit warming to 2.4 degrees.
Countries agreed to phase down coal rather than phase out due to late intervention from India and China.
Trillion dollar per year fund from 2025. Previous $100 bn per year by 2020 missed.
Leaders pledged to end deforestation by 2030.
Scheme to cut methane by 30% by 2030 agreed by over 100 countries but India and China haven’t joined.
Very few countries have made pledges legally binding - self policed.

Question 30

Kearney Index

Answer 30

Indicator of Globalisation
4 Categories - Economic integration (trade and flows) Technological connectivity (internet users) Political engagement (membership of IGOs) Personal contact (Tourism)
Pros - Allows comparison between countries, Allows comparison over time
Cons - Only 64 countries included in the index, Smaller countries dominate top due to high proportions of FDI.

Question 31

KOF Index

Answer 31

Measures Economic (flows of trade) Social (personal contact, information flows) and Political (Number of embassies) globalisation.
Pros - Comparisons between countries, comparison for 1 country over time, very large number of countries included, 24 variables.
Cons - Smaller countries over represented at top of table (bias in data weighting) Some factors less relevant in modern era still calculated in KOF data (international mail), informal economy ignored. All of the top 18 countries in 2021 KOF ranking were European suggesting a European bias in indicators.