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Geography > Global Systems & Governance > Flashcards

Global Systems & Governance Flashcards

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1
Q

What products do you find palm oil in?

A
  • Cadbury’s Chocolate
  • Findus Fish Fingers
  • Hair and cleaning products
  • Candles
  • Processed foods
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2
Q

Palm oil production over time [3]

A
  • Palm oil plantations have 3x in last decade
  • Now: 10 firms control 28% of global food production
  • UK consumes around 320,000 tonnes/yr
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3
Q

Where is most the world’s palm oil (90%) produced?

A

Malaysia & Indonesia - South East Asia

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4
Q

In Indonesia how many hectares of rainforest have been transformed into palm oil plantations?

A

13 million hectares

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5
Q

Environmental impacts of palm oil production [3]

A
  • Chemicals used in palm oil pollute the water
  • Environmental damage - 13 million hectares of rainforest destroyed, loss of habitats etc.
  • Placed enormous pressures on tropical rainforest biomes
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6
Q

Economic impacts of palm oil production [2]

A
  • Locals are usually obliged to work for low wages

- Many palm oil plantations engage in low paid and exploitative labour

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7
Q

Social impacts of palm oil production [2]

A
  • Child labour and forced labour is common practice

- TNCs have often forced local inhabitants off the land, sometimes violently

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8
Q

Making palm oil production sustainable?

A
  • Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
    2,000 members over 75 countries
    RSPO-certified palm oil has to be environmentally responsible & conserves natural resources & biodiversity, alongside consideration of employees and local communities
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9
Q

Between Jan 2015-16 how much have sales of RSPO palm oil increased?

A
  • Three-fold, however there are still ongoing investigations of child & forced labour.
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10
Q

What are tariffs?

A
  • A tax on imports
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11
Q

What’s an import license?

A
  • National gov’s use to authorise the importation of goods from a specific source
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12
Q

What are import quotas?

A
  • A physical limit on the quantity of goods that can be imported into a country
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13
Q

What are subsidies?

A
  • Allowances awarded to domestic products to make them more competitive against imported.
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14
Q

What are voluntary export restraints?

A
  • Offered by exporting country to appease the importing country + deter from imposing trade barriers
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15
Q

What are embargoes?

A

Partial/complete prohibition of trade with a country - usually done politically

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16
Q

Advantages of international trade [3]

A
  • Transfer of technology -> supporting innovation & enterprise
  • Increased employment -> more jobs across whole economy
  • Economies of scale -> country can produce in higher volumes when producing lower range of goods
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17
Q

Disadvantages of international trade [3]

A
  • De-skilling -> traditional skills may be lost when tech replaces manpower
  • Exploitative and labour-intensive industries -> mass-production often causes sweatshops + bad conditions
  • Stunted growth of local industries -> cannot compete with cheaply produced global products.
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18
Q

Define globalisation [2]

A
  • The process of becoming more globally connected on a variety of scales.
  • The movement of people, knowledge, ideas, goods & money across national borders , leading to a ‘borderless world’.
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19
Q

What are the types of globalisation? [4]

A
  • Economic - e.g. outsourcing production
  • Political - e.g. trade blocs/international orgs e.g. UN
  • Cultural - e.g. travel, Westernisation
  • Social - e.g. social networking, global NGOs & charities
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20
Q

What are capital flows?

A
  • The movement of money for the purpose of investment, trade or business
    production.
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21
Q

What are the major flows of capital?

A
  1. Core regions - wealthier, developed countries that have power
  2. Periphery regions - less wealthy, developing/ less developed countries
  3. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) - an international corporation that aims to ensure financial stability, high employment & stable economic growth.
  4. The World Bank - a group of global institution that gives out loans for relief
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22
Q

What are flows of labour?

A

The movement of people who move to work in another country.

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23
Q

What are the impacts of flows of labour? [3]

A
  • Most migrants have some level of education
  • Can afford to move, therefore not very poorest in giving nation
  • Long term issue as people stop sending remittances after 2/3 generations
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24
Q

By how much did global trade increase between 1870 and 1913?

A

4.1% a year

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25
Q

What % of the world’s population today are international migrants?

A

3-4% with majority of migrants migrating to HICs

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26
Q

What are highly skilled workers?

A

Highly trained in jobs that require a great deal of skill, such as in medicine, science, or ICT

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27
Q

What are unskilled workers?

A

Those who are underqualified and do not possess ‘expert knowledge’ in their employment.

28
Q

What is the flow of products?

A

Flows of physical goods from one country to another

29
Q

What are the impacts of flows of products? [3]

A
  • Products used to be produced mainly in HICs as they had money to manufacture
  • Products are now traded internationally due to technological advancements
  • Production has been offshored from HICs
30
Q

What are flows of service?

A
  • Use of people’s skills globally
31
Q

How do trade agreements affect globalization? [3]

A
  • Without global trading rules, countries would resist some foreign imports whilst possibly favouring others
  • World Trade Organisation oversees >97% world trade
  • Since 1950s countries have formed trade blocs e.g. the EU
32
Q

How do financial systems affect globalisation? [2]

A
  • Banks & financial services are linked by vital transmission systems that allow lending + flows of money
  • 2007 collapse of US house prices -> credit squeeze (banks x want to lend) -> global banking crisis in 2008
33
Q

How does transport affect globalisation? [2]

A
  • Global transport network allows the movement of people & goods across vast distance
  • New opportunities but also threats e.g. spread of disease
34
Q

How does global security affect globalisation? [1]

A
  • Cybersecurity rose to prominence - e.g. in UK average cost for severe online security breaches nearly £1.5 million.
35
Q

How does technology affect globalisation? [2]

A
  • Info can now be shared easily & quickly online

- Mobile phones are now important for LDEs as they connect diff people, markets & trade

36
Q

What are the different flows of capital? [5]

A
  • Aid
  • Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
  • Migration
  • Repatriation (return to own country) of profits
  • Remittance payments (migrants money paid back to families)
37
Q

What are 5 global instituitions? (international org. where member states transcend national boundaries) [5]

A
  • NATO
  • WHO
  • International Monetary Fund
  • UN
  • UNICEF
38
Q

What is the IMF?

A

International Monetary Fund which aims to allow economic stability and foster international trade.

39
Q

What are trade blocs?

A

Groups of countries in specific regions that manage and promote trade activities.

40
Q

What are global commons?

A
  • Resource domains or areas that lie out of the political reach of any one nation
41
Q

What are the four global commons? [4]

A
  • The High Seas
  • Atmosphere
  • Antarctica
  • Outer space
42
Q

What are the principles of the global commons? [2]

A
  • Resources found are available for everyone’s use & benefit

- Must take into consideration future generations + needs of developing countries

43
Q

Thomas Friedman’s view on globalisation [2]

A
  • May reduce conflict & lead to political stability through the sense of the world being one community
  • Most war-torn places tend to be those with fewer global trade alliances
44
Q

How may globalisation lead to conflict? [3]

A
  • Sense of injustice created towards richer nations
  • Resource conflicts - e.g. Chinese ‘land grab’ in Africa -> large scale investment is increasing tensions & environ. concern
  • Foreign aid can indirectly help fund conflict e.g. Afghanistan
45
Q

Location & Geography of Antarctica [3]

A
  • South of Antarctic circle
  • Much of continent is infringed with ice, e.g. Ross Ice Shelf in Ross Sea
  • Southern Ocean
46
Q

How is fishing & whaling a threat to Antarctica? [4]

A
  • Was a highly profitable business -> led to whale populations dramatically declining due to overkilling many species
  • International Whaling Commission ended most whaling in 1985
  • Fishing now replaced whaling - Russia & Japan overfishing for krill -> essential for the natural ecosystem!
  • Ships dump waste into the ocean, contaminating the water, killing organisms.
47
Q

Methods to protect Antarctica [2]

A
  • Antarctic Treaty System - established clear guidelines & signed to avoid disagreements in 1950s
  • NGOs - e.g. WWF, Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth
48
Q

UN promoting growth & stability [3]

A
  • Ambitious Millennium Development Goals achieved notable success
  • Eradication of smallpox & near eradication of polio
  • 170+ UN settlements have ended regional conflicts
49
Q

UN exacerbating inequalities & injustices [3]

A
  • UN only had a minor influence on wars e.g. Vietnam War
  • AIDS pandemic continues to cross countries & continents
  • Efforts hampered at rebuilding in Afghanistan due to failures addressing security situations
50
Q

Value of international trade [2]

A
  • Increased dramatically since WW2, value of global merchandise:
    1948 - $59 billion
    1973 - $579 billion
51
Q

What % of global trade do USA Germany & Japan account for?

A

25%

52
Q

Interactions betw. local, regional, national, international & global scales of trade [4]

A

Decisions made by global institutions affect all scales:

  • Trade agreements set by the WTO (global) affect how trading happens internationally, e.g. in the EU (international)
  • In turn, the Department for International Trade (national) decides what products the UK imports from where.
  • A warehouse (regional) receives the international products and distributes them.
  • Local shop buys the international products from the warehouse
53
Q

What are TNCs?

A
  • Companies that operate in at least 2 countries
54
Q

What is the global distribution of TNCs?

A
  • Most found in HICs or NEEs: Dominating countries USA & China
  • Limited TNCs in Africa
55
Q

Why do TNCs choose to operate in more than one country? [4]

A
  • Escape trade tariffs
  • Find lowest cost location for their production
  • Reach foreign markets more effectively
  • Exploit resources
56
Q

Spatial organisation of TNCs [2]

A
  • Hierarchal model of org. + impose top-down decision making

- May mean branch plants are vulnerable to sudden closure/ job losses e.g. UK steelwork closures by Fata Steel 2015

57
Q

Linkages & production of TNCs [3]

A
  • Maintain strong links betw. all parts of org. -> strong links betw. countries
    Horizontal integration: improving links betw. different firms in same stage of production
    Vertical integration: an industry where one company owns/controls multiple stages in production
58
Q

Trading & marketing patterns of TNCs [1]

A
  • Production takes place in LDEs or emerging economies (particularly China)
59
Q

What is global marketing?

A

Marketing a product for more than one country

60
Q

How can unequal flows of labour lead to inequalities?

A

Less developed countries suffer from ‘brain drain’

61
Q

How can unequal flows of labour cause injustice?

A

Migrant workers are sometimes made to work in dangerous conditions for little money

62
Q

What is fair trade?

A

A way of trading that supports people in LICs who make products for HICs

63
Q

Economic consequence of differential access to markets [2]

A
  • Countries w/ high levels of market access see more economic growth as they can trade more
  • Hard for countries with poor market access to establish new industries
64
Q

Social impacts of differential access to markets [2]

A
  • People in countries with better market access tend to have higher paid jobs, giving them more disposable income and a higher living standard
  • Much dangerous, poorly paid work has moved from developed countries to less developed countries e.g. Sweatshops
65
Q

What benefits has globalisation brought? [4]

A
  • Integration
  • Stability
  • Development
  • Economic growth
66
Q

How does trade increase living standards?

A

Higher levels of market access mean a wide availability of goods, increasing living standards

67
Q

How does trade create interdepedence?

A

If something goes wrong, other countries are affected e.g. 2008 financial crisis increased unemployment in many countries.

Geography (13 decks)

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