Changing Places (Human) Flashcards
Define Location
Where the place is, e.g. latitude and longitude
Define sense of place
The emotional and subjective attachment people have to a place- dependant on a person’s perspective
Define locale
How a place has been shaped by the people living in it (cultures, customs etc)
Bishopthorpe Road, York
- ‘Bishy Road’ Independent shops, businesses have made up the road >100 yrs.
- Entered and won GB High Street Competition
- South of York City Walls
What is are homogenized places?
Made uniform or similar to other places
What is placelessness?
Idea that a particular landscape could be anywhere, e.g. Disneyworld, Starbucks
What is a clone town?
Where a high street/shopping area is significantly dominated by chain stores.
What is glocalization?
Amalgamation of globalisation + localisation –> ‘Adaptation of a global product for a local marketplace’
Examples of glocalization at McDonalds
McSausage Burger in Germany
McRice Burger in Taiwan
Totnes, Devon - Clonestopping
- Introduced a local currency, helping local economy
- 2/3 of residents signed petition to boycott Costa
NIMBY Protests
Not In My Backyard - Protests against fracking
1) Harms the environment
2) Pollutes water supplies
Define localism
Emotional ownership of a particular place
Define Regionalism
Loyalty to a region, with a population which shares distinct similarities
Define nationalism
Loyalty to a nation, creating a sense of national conciousness
Insider perspective
“To be inside a place is to belong to it and identify with it” - Ralph 1976
Outsider perspective
The viewpoint of someone who isn’t for a specific place or knows it little.
What are experiences and media places?
Experienced - Places a person has spent time in
Media - Places a person has only seen in the media (can be falsified)
What are endogenous factors
Internal factors that shape a place
What are exogenous factors?
External factors that shape a place
Factors affecting the character of a place (8)
Physical geography socio-economic factors cultural factors mobility of the population political factors built environment location demographic factors
Define re-imaging
Disassociating a place with a bad pre-existing image to attract new investment, tourism etc
Define rebranding
Ways in which a place is redeveloped and marketed so that it gains a new identity
Define regeneration
Long-term process involving redevelopment and use of social, environmental and economic action to reverse urban decline
Quantitative vs. Qualitative data
Quantitative:
- More objective, however can be misrepresentative e.g. lying
- Some data e.g. Crime Statistics is heavily inaccurate ‘Dark figure of crime’ unknown.
- Tells little about human experience
- Easy to compare
Qualitative:
- More subjective, however likely to be valid
- May not be representative of entire popilation, requires large sample
- Photos can be photoshopped or positoned to look appealing
- Media can be misrepresentative of a place
Why did Newcastle need to rebrand?
- Brain drain
- High unemployment 10.6% c.t. 6% in London
- High median age 41.5 c.f. 34 in London (Aging population)
Newcastle, shipbuilding industry
- Swan Hunter cranes leaving the Tyne, ending years of shipbuilding
- Has faced deindustrialization
How did Newcastle rebrand? (4)
- Flagship buildings: The Sage - attracting 2 million visitors/yr
- Cultural Quarters: China town
- Heritage: Newcastle Castle
- 24hr city: The Gate, nightlife
Ethnic demographic of Brick Lane (4)
- 41% Bangladeshi
- 41.5% muslim
- 21% of households are multiethnic
- it is the heart of the city’s Bangladeshi-Sylheti community and is known to some as Banglatown.
Exogenous factors affecting Brick Lane (2)
- easy to get to from central london = attractive as a commuter site
- investment turned Truman Brewery –> Derelict buildings –> leisure, exhibition, retail, office & event spaces
Endogenous factors affecting Brick Lane (1
)
- a high proportion of the population are in the economically active age bracket. ( more youth orientated)
Evaluation of gentrification in Brick Lane
positive : - new modern buildings + flats
negative : - many residents + young bangladeshis are being forced out of their homes
- a lot of established restaurants have closed down because of the high rates
Doreen Massey: Sense of place
“It is a sense of place, an understanding of ‘its character’, which can only be constructed by linking that place to places beyond.”
Gentrification at Olympic Park, Stratford good/bad
- Helped Olympic Park Wildlife
- New areas for sports enthusiasts
- Provided 5000 construction jobs
- Newham travellers forced out of area
- People out-priced of the area
- Very few jobs for locals –> unemployment
Olympics rebranding success? [5]
- 7000 temp jobs created during development
- 380 companies employing 11,000 had to be relocated to make way for Olympic venues
- Only 40% adults were employed full time, c.w 49% average in England
- 3.3 million tonnes of CO2 produced from the games
- Over 4000 trees were planted
Detroit: The Motor City
- Henry Ford introduced the $5 day in 1915
- Ford Employed more than 90,000 workers at its peak
- By 1940- one of largest employers of AA’s in US
- After 1935 Wagner Act- Big Three paid handsomely + had lots of benefits for AA’s
- By 1950 1 in 5 Americans employed by the auto industry
Detroit: Decline
- More than 130,000 jobs lost betw. 1948-67
- 1967 - Detroit race riots = VIOLENT
- City lost 250,000 residents from 2000-2012
- Detroit is $18.5 billion in debt
Detroit endogenous & exogenous factors
Endogenous: Near coal/iron deposits, Detroit river
Exogenous: The Great Migration, Steel Belt, Big Three investment
Guildhall - How has history influenced it?
- Jorvik Viking Centre
- Gothic architecture of Minster
- Still holds Roman pillars
- National Railway Museum
Guildhall Demography
- 82% white British
- 10.2% BME community, 6.3% Asian
- 52% of population is single, c.w. 32% York average
- Nestle employs 8,000 people in York
- 12.3% jobs in Education
Media representations of York
- Mail Online: ‘York is voted best - and most beautiful - British city’
- Josie Whitehead: A Visit To York poem:
“Ancient and modern’s at home side by side”
What physical endogenous factors can shape a place? [3]
Location:
Places can be characterised by features present due to location, e.g. a port town
Topography:
The shape of the landscape e.g. in a mountainous region places would be characterised by steep slopes
Physical Geography:
Environmental features of a place e.g. rock type can form different landscapes or characteristics such as more natural resources can cause an industrial setting
What human endogenous factors can shape a place? [3]
Land use:
Human activities e.g. farming can make a place appear as rural, can cause different buildings and changes over time
Built environment and infrastructure:
transport, communication & services - city centres will have higher densities for these c.w. rural
Demographic & Economic characteristics:
age, gender, education religion, ethnicity contribute massively e.g. old people may retire to seaside places so cater to that demographic
How are demographic changes caused by shifting flows? [3]
Flows of people:
Can change demographics of an area e.g. young people leaving Newcastle during 1970’s led to ‘brain drain’
Flows of money & investment:
Gov’s can invest money in specific places to attract people to live there e.g. London Docklands Development Corporation doubled population there betw. 1981- early 2000’s
Flows of ideas & resources:
Ideas such as use of birth control can flow to new places and have effects on demography e.g. reeducing birth rate
What are shifting flows?
Resources, money, people, resources and ideas
How are cultural characteristics affected by shifting flows? [2]
Flows of people:
People bring their culture with them e.g. Guildhall Ward London nicknamed ‘Banglatown’ & Jewish Bagel shops
Flows of money, investment & ideas:
New cultural ideas introduced to places can change the characteristics of those places e.g. fast-food restaurants opening can encourage Western food.
How are economic characteristics affected by shifting flows? [3]
Flows of people:
people visiting places can change economic characteristics e.g. making places a tourist destination
Flows of resources:
products originally sold locally can be sold to global markets, bringing employment to local economies
Flows of money & investment:
reduced investment can result in deindustrialisation e.g. Sheffield, but inward flows of investment can boom economies
How is social inequality shaped by shifting flows? [3]
Flows of people:
Regional migration from rural to urban can cause a boom in slums e.g. Mumbai
Flows of resources:
Outward flow of natural resources from poorer countries can change levels of social inequality e.g. oil trade
Flows of money & investment:
Gentrification has improved some places but can also increase inequality by outpricing residents
How have connections between places in the past shaped their character in the present?
London & NY have been closely linked by trade for centuries, has helped them both develop into world cities
How can new connections between places shape them?
London & NY have made new connections which strengthen their character as world cities
How is the character of places shaped?
By the mixed of all connections and developments they have undergone in their history e.g. Sheffield is now a mixture of its industrial past and the redevelopment work done today
Portrayal of York in paintings
Alan Stuttle’s Painting: York portrayed historically
How have shifting flows of money & investment shaped Detroit? [5]
- 19th Century: Shipbuilding industry
- Nicknamed the ‘steel belt’ in 20th Century
- Car manufacturing boomed in 20th century, Henry Ford $5 day
- ‘Great Migration’ brought influx of AA’s from south
- Competition from Japan led to decline in Detroit
How have external agencies in Newcastle shaped place meaning? [3]
- Newcastle had a booming shipbuilding industry but then faced deindustrialisation from 1960’s
- Companies e.g. NewcastleGateshead Initiative funded for rebranding of Newcastle to bring people back
- Newcastle rebranded into a 24hr hour city, cultural quarters, flagship
How has economic branding in Newcastle been successful?
UK Conference Market Survey: 6th top destination to be used by corporate markets
What jobs has rebranding in Newcastle created?
HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
What did rebranding in Newcastle do to improve status of locals?
New Deal: £55 million programme has improved childcare, housing and reduced crime rate
Why did Stratford need rebranding? [4]
Economic – Deindustrialisation - 40,000 jobs lost, lack of efficient infrastructure
Social – Depopulation - people moving out, poor levels of health
Environment: Lea Valley, water pollution, lack of green space
Dereliction Old factories polluting environment
Who was involved in Stratford rebranding? [5]
Government: bid for the Olympics and provided funding.
IOC (international Olympic committee): approved bid.
Lottery: funding.
London Mayor: Public Relations/Marketing
London transport: rail and new roads.
How has Stratford rebranded? [5]
£17 billion spent on infrastructure including roads, rail, and power cables.
Stratford International station with 10 rail lines train every 14 seconds
Sports facilities e.g. main stadium, velodrome, aquatic centre etc
Olympic village 17,000 accommodation
Lea Valley park – cleaned up
Impact of Stratford rebranding? [3]
Economic – new jobs in construction and tourism and the associated multiplier effect (an estimated 20 000 jobs by 2030). Well connected area for commuters.
Social – 10,000 new homes by 2030. Green spaces planned in to the new neighbourhoods. A new academy to provide education for 2000 pupils.
Environmental – walking and cycling routes, more public transport, cleaning of the River Lea and more natural habitats.
How may individuals and organisations perceive places differently?
Individuals: Proud to come from a place may present it in a positive way & vice versa
Organisations: May present places positively as they stand to gain from how places are portrayed
What % of people in Guildhall are aged 20-24
28.7%
What university is in Guildhall?
York St John’s University
