global systems and governance Flashcards
Globalisation
a process by which national economies, societies and cultures have become increasingly integrated through the global network of trade, communication, transport and immigration
impact of globalisation on- environment
-increased transport to abroad causes more greenhouse gases to be produced, and therefore damages the environment
+ the world may come together to reduce the impacts of climate change
impact of globalisation on- Technology
- increased amount of electricity being used, CO2 might be produced in increased electricity production
+ increase in communication between countries
impact of globalisation on- free trade
- increased pollution as more goods are transported
+ more jobs, countries come together and trade
economy of scale
cost advantage of large scale output of a product as savings are made by spreading the cost over more units
what’s made the global marketing of coca cola so successful over the last 125 years
same logo- instantly recognisable and bright red
big marketing campaigns (eg at Christmas)
bottles have stayed a similar shape
named bottles- personalised
Global core
core countries are defined as wealthy industrialised countries that other less developed countries depend on
peripheries
less developed countries with fewer connections, some are wealthy but isolated (geographically)
global shift
the movement of manufacturing to lower wage economies. This movement of labour is part of wider division in labour
protectionism
putting in place barriers to prevent and reduce trade in order to maintain internal markets and own manufacturing industries
trade and financial liberalisation
groups such as WTO encouraging governments to remove tariffs and barriers to trade. Idea is to encourage free movements of goods and services
trade bloc
a type of intergovernmental agreement
EU
28 countries. started in 1950, 1993 names EU, 2009 EU powers increased.
reduction of business costs, elimination of anti competitive practices removal of trade barriers
single common currency- euro
employment and environmental standards
EFTA
4 members- Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway, Switzerland
promote closer economic cooperation
no tariffs with EU and EFTA and 50% of EFTA’s trade is with the EU.
no political integration and no custom union
NAFTA
3 members; USA, Canada and Mexico established in 1994 444 million customers for businesses more jobs put an official document behind what was already happening
SAARC
eg countries in it: Bangladesh, Nepal, India etc.
established in 1985 to be a competitor to china
promotes peace and stability
but, no free movement of people and it the least integrated region
OPEC
eg of countries in it: Nigeria, Qatar, Algeria
formed in 1960
controls 78% of the worlds oil export
strong relationship with the EU
world bank
organisation of 188 countries who work to promote financial cooperation between countries to reduce poverty. this is normally in through the promotion of trade and high employment
UN
known as the ‘guardian of international peace, security and human right’. it promotes the development of poorer nations through work with the IMF and world bank
WTO
deals in the rules of trade between countries ensuring trade flows freely
IMF
it is an important source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries, its main aim is to reduce poverty
TNC
a global company which operates in more than one country. headquarters are often in MEDCs with factories in LEDCs where workers are cheaper
where does the WTO get its money from
from members within it
positives of the WTO
reduce tariffs and quotas with members
each member treated equally
safe way to trade as there are rules, if the rules are broken there are consequences
negatives of the WTO
promotes free trade, not fair trade
poverty gap worsens
smaller countries are powerless
positives of the IMF
provide loans to countries who need it
help fill BofP gaps
advise governments on economic policy
negatives of the IMF
too slow or to eager to assist falling national policies in many incidents, causing major problems in that country
only care about GDP and growth and not social problems in the country
where do the UN get their money from
mandatory payments and voluntary contributions
positives of UN involvement
promote development- living standards and human skills
helped end conflicts and peacekeeping in countries such as Cambodia
help alleviate extreme poverty
negatives of the UN
lack of democratic mechanisms and accountability
larger countries hold more power than other members
UN case study: Lebanon
since 2012, it has provided Lebanon with food assistance (food parcels). over 650 000 refugees from Syria receive $27 per month on an e-card, which can be spent in local shops across the country to buy food. increase profit for those shops
world bank- benefits to the countries
provides low income countries with money
support educational, health etc.
attempts to end gender disputes
negatives of world bank involvement
poor considerations for the environment and ecological impacts
often not very successful
people can be displaced from an area
how is the world bank different from the IMF
the IMF oversees the worlds monetary systems stability, while the world banks goal is to reduce poverty by offering assistance to middle and low income countries.
advantages of labour flows
cheaper labour in country the people move to- benefit businesses- keep costs low
leaving countries like Syria to ensure safety
more people able to work in certain countries
disadvantages of labour flows
low wage jobs, meaning there’s less job security and lower incomes
waves of illegal migrants and refugees from zones of conflict are prepared to risk their lives in attempt to reach the perceived safety and opportunities in the developing world
de- multiplier effect
once people have lost their jobs they cant spend so services in an area are lost and the area falls into decline
outsourcing
the movement of labour to developing nations to make use of chap labour costs and less strict working conditions
outsourcing causes
loss of jobs
structural unemployment (workforce lacks needed skills)
de industrialisation
HDI
index measure combining: life expectancy, adult literacy rate and GDP per capita
the Gini index
used to indicate internal inequality. it creates a score between 1 and 0 (1 means entire income goes to one person, 0 means income is evenly divided)
shell in Nigeria: benefits shell brings
jobs in factories
foundations to help support local communities
pay tax
shell in Nigeria: social issues shell creates
contaminated water for at least 10 communities
in the 1990s, tension arose between people living near the Niger Delta and shell, because very little of the money earned there were going to the people who lived there
shell oil pipelines had holes drilled in them by people in the area so they could collect oil for monetary gain
despite oil collection in ongoniland being stopped, the equipment wasn’t fully decommissioned, leaving it open for sabotage and corrosion
shell in Nigeria: environmental issues shell creates
between 1976 and 1991, there were 2976 oil spill in the Niger Delta
1000 hectares of mangroves have been ruined by spills, and 5000 hectares impacted
between 1956 and 2006- 9 to 13 million barrels were spilled in Nigeria
barriers to trade and protectionism: import license
a license by a national government authorising the importation of goods from a specific source
barriers to trade and protectionism: import quotas
a physical limit on the quantity of goods that can be imported into the country
barriers to trade and protectionism: subsidies
these are grants or allowances usually awarded to domestic producers to reduce their costs and make them more competitive against imports
barriers to trade and protectionism: voluntary export restraints
this is a diplomatic strategy offered by the exporting country to appease the importing country and deter it from opposing trade barriers
barriers to trade and protectionism: embargos
these involve the partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country. they are usually put into practise for political rather than commercial reasons
barriers to trade and protectionism: trade restrictions
other import restrictions may be based on technical or regulatory obstacles such as the quality standards of goods being imported, or how they are produced
free trade
the aim of the WTO, idea that there are no barriers to trade and it can occur freely between all nations
FDI
when one country puts money straight into another country in the form of a business from that country investing in a business in the other country
top 3 countries receiving FDI:
US, China, UK
top 3 countries giving FDI:
US, UK, Germany
G7
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK, US, Japan
high net national wealth and HDI to be a member
G20
international forum for the governments and central banks of 20 major economies
fair trade
a social movement to try and achieve better trading conditions and promote sustainability. social, economic and environmental standards set for companies and farmers
benefits of fair trade
allows community development in LICs and NEEs
workers get better pay for what they produce
encourages investment
recognition for LICs
develop facilities
issues with fair trade
inefficient- higher prices
retailer still paid more than the farmers- eg for banana retailers get 10.25p but farmers only get 3.5p
small scale- not all small farmers are involved in the scheme
goes against free trade as it makes things more expensive and people will want to buy cheapest
primary product consumed on a global scale: coffee: how many producers of coffee are there worldwide
25 million- 49 countries produce and export it
primary product consumed on a global scale: coffee: importance to HICs
service sector jobs
healthy alternative to pubs
boosts local shops
primary product consumed on a global scale: coffee: importance to LICs
thousand employed in production single product economy in countries like Cambodia HICs pay corporation tax trade it with HICs positive multiplier
primary product consumed on a global scale: coffee: globally, how much of sales of coffee is the market worth
$42.5 billion
primary product consumed on a global scale: coffee: how many countries around the world grow coffee
49, 33% produced in Brazil (2 796 927 tons)
Vietnam produces 1 076 400 tons)
primary product consumed on a global scale: coffee: who are the top consumers of coffee
US (22 000 000 60kg bags) Germany (9 000 000 60kg bags) Japan (7 000 000 60kg bags) Italy France
primary product consumed on a global scale: coffee: where is coffee normally grown
Latitude belt from 25°N to 30°S, which are mainly LICs. Also higher altitudes with lower temps. So coffee can mature (15°c to 24°c)
After planting, farmer waits up to 5 years for their first crop and can use same plant for 25 years.
Beans washed and dried in sun, then roasted in either the country they’re picked or elsewhere, then to be bagged and sold.
primary product consumed on a global scale: coffee: problems
Increasing competition, coffee prices are being pushed down, so farmer receives less money, and struggles to make a living.
To solve this, fair trade coffee ensure farmers are paid fairer
Problem going now as: increasing demand, and people are willing to pay higher prices
TNC: apple: pros to USA
They provide highly skilled jobs that are well payed
Pay a high level of tax
TNC: apple: cons to USA
Reputation always damage goes back to the USA
Low skilled workers lose out
Many jobs taken by migrants, so US workers lose out- and migration is encouraged
TNC: apple: pros to Ireland
Employs 4000 workers directly on iMac production line and call centre, Cork’s largest private employer
Attracted high-tech firms to the area
Company has expanded and contributed to infrastructural improvement in the city
Attract highly skilled workforce and provide inspiration for R and D and education
TNC: apple: cons to Ireland
Many of the highly skilled workers are foreign nationals (mainly from the EU), so Apple is accused of not creating sufficient work for local people
The majority of jobs are on the production line, so not much advance,ent for workers
TNC: apple: pros to China
Mainly produced in China, providing investment into the country and generates jobs. 700 000 workers employed in one factory
Incentive to attract foreign companies
TNC: apple: cons to China
Working conditions- in 2006 it was reported that 200 000 workers who lived and worked in the Shenzhen factory were regularly working more than 60 hours a week for around $100 a month, half of which was taken up by living expenses
Suicides reported in 2009- 2010 which bought most damage to Apple’s reputation. By the end of 2010, q4 suicides has occurred, largely due to severe working conditions
TNC: apple: what product has sold at consistent levels since 2009
The Apple Mac, at around $7000 million a quarter
TNC: apple: why is product development important
Allows them to maintain competitive and change with the changing needs and wants of people, and maximise their sales by introducing new things
Global governance
They ways in which affairs affecting the whole world are managed
Global commons
Refers to resource domains or areas/ objects / items that lie putiside of the political reach of any one nations state
Tragedy of the commons
Refers to the conflict for resources between individual integer sets and the common good
Antarctica as a global common: contemporary geography
Ice has a high albedo, so it’s very reflective Ocean has a low albedo so absorbs heat Mountains of ver 4000m tall Driest continent Coldest continent (average temp. -49°C) Windiest continent Highest continent
Antarctica as a global common: ablation
The opposite of accumulation, refers to all processes that remove snow, ice or water from a glacier or snow field: the melting of snow/ evaporation/ ice that runs off the glacier etc.
Antarctica as a global common: nunatak
An exposed, often rocky element of a ridge, mountain or peak not covered with ice/ snow within an ice field/ glacier. Also called glacial islands
Antarctica as a global common: Antartica convergence zone
A natural boundary separating two distinct hydrological regions/ areas of distinct climate/ areas of distinct wildlife
Antarctica as a global common: economic pressures on Antartica: fishing and whaling
Destruction of habitats by fishing gear trying to catch Krill- impacts food chain.
Quotas on how much can be fished
Increased demand because biomedical technology requires it
Easy to exploit- so world have to come together to stop it and it’s very large scale
Antarctica as a global common: economic pressures on Antartica: mineral exploitation
Weddell and Ross sea are thought to posses 50 billion barrels of oil
Seams of coal has been discovered along the continents coast and in mountains
Activity has been altered by lack of commercial viable quantities and technical difficulties in the extreme conditions, but its foreseeable that there will be an interest in the future.
National claiming sea bed 350 miles away from existing territories
Hazardous chemicals and polluting machinery used to extract
Antarctica as a global common: economic pressures on Antartica: tourism and scientific research
Approximately 40 permanent scientific bases. 26 airports, 53 heliports
Resupply ships give rise in risk of oil spills
1989- Argentinian ship released 250 000 gallons of fuel into the sea.
1995- 210 000 gallons of oil spilled from poorly constructed fuel storage systems.
Scientific methods can be hazardous
1992- 6700 tourists
2007- 37 552 tourists
Antarctica as a global common: environmental pressures: krill
Over exploitation of krill will effect all species of Antarctica, because they are one of the main food sources for many species, including penguins and fish, and a decrease in these will impact what east them, such as whales and seals. Positive feedback system
Antarctica as a global common: environmental pressures: Climate Change
Peninsula warmed by 3°c in 50 years, ice shelves retreating- since 1950s, a total of 28 000 km2 of ice shelf has been lost from around the Antarctic peninsula
Ocean warms, conditions for krill decline, numbers decline
Populations of krill in the past 40 years has declined by 70 to 80% in Weddell sea and area around the peninsula
Antarctica as a global common: Madrid protocol
Purpose- comprehensive protection of Antartica, prohibit activities relating to minerals, except for scientific research
How successful- very as linked to treaty
Why they are needed (scope)- provides protection for Antartica and its environment
Antarctica as a global common: the conservation of Antarctic seals
Purpose: recognise general concern about the vulnerability of Antarctic seals to commercial exploitation and the need for conservation methods
Why they are needed (scope): Blubber used to burn, meat eaten and fur used for clothes. Baby seals who can’t swim are largely at risk. Caught off boats and on ice.
Inspection and enforcement: scientific committee on Antarctic research carries out tasks requested. Parties should exchange information among themselves and through scientific research. NGOs, WWF and green peace
Antarctica as a global common: conservation if Antarctic marine living resources
Purpose- made in response to concerns that an increase in Krill catches in the southern ocean could have serious effects of other marine sea life
How successful- significantly lower sea bird deaths
Why needed (scope)- management of krill (fluctuating numbers) had to control. Try to get people to fish in different ways
Inspection and enforcement- CCAMLR look at conservation of all southern ocean
