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Physical Geography > Global Systems and Global Governance > Flashcards

Global Systems and Global Governance Flashcards

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1
Q

what is globalisation?

A

the process of the worlds economies, political systems and cultures becoming more strongly connected to each other

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2
Q

what is globalisation caused by?

A

the movement of information, capital, products, services and labour between different countries

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3
Q

when did globalisation start to accelerate?

A

the 1980s

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4
Q

what are the 5 factors that promote globalisation?

A
  • flows of information
  • flows of capital
  • flows of products
  • flows of services
  • flows of labour
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5
Q

how does flows of information promote globalisation?

A
  • can be spread across the world quickly and easily
  • people in different countries can communicate and work together (email, social media)
  • increasing flows of infrmation are making the world more interconnected
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6
Q

what is capital?

A

money thats invested

-its spent on something to produce an income or increased profit

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7
Q

what is foreign direct investment?

A

capital invested into foreign countries

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8
Q

why has manufacturing in more developed countries decreased?

A

lower labour costs overseas

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9
Q

is international trade in maufactured goods increasing or decreasing?

A

increasing

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10
Q

what are services?

A

economic activities that arent based around producing any material goods

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11
Q

what has allowed services to become global industries in recent decades?

A

improvements in ICT

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12
Q

what can services be split into?

A

low level and high level

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13
Q

where are high level services?

A

they tend to be concentrated in cities in more developed countries

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14
Q

where are low level services?

A

in less developed countries

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15
Q

why are companies increasingly relocating low level services?

A

labour is cheaper

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16
Q

what are flows of labour?

A

movements of people who participate in the workplace from one country to another

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17
Q

why are some highly skilled workers moving to more develped countries?

A

wages and working conditions are better

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18
Q

why do unskilled workers move to more developed countries?

A

to look for work because of unemployment and low wages in thier own countries

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19
Q

what is marketing?

A

the process of promoting and selling products and services

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20
Q

why has marketing had to become global?

A

many products and services are sold all over the world, rather than just in the country where they are produced

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21
Q

how does global marketing give economies of scale?

A

it is cheaper to have one marketing campaign for the whole world, rather than a different campaign for every country

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22
Q

what are economies of scale?

A

the cost advantages that enterproses obtain due to size

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23
Q

how can global marketing create a global brand awareness?

A

consumers around the world identify a name or logo with a particular product or service, so they will purchase that product rather than a lesser known competitor

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24
Q

why does marketing need to be adapted to regional markets?

A

different populations have different laws and cultural attitudes

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25
Q

what is globalisation a result of?

A
  • new systems
  • technology
  • relationships
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26
Q

what do systems include?

A

ways of working, procedures and methods of organisation that allow a particular function to be carried out

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27
Q

what are country relationships based on?

A

trade and common rules

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28
Q

what governs the flows of capital between cuntries?

A

the global financial system

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29
Q

what are financial systems based on?

A

companies called investment banks

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30
Q

what is the main role of investment banks?

A

to help companies raise capital by selling shares on behalf of those companies

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31
Q

what are investors?

A

people or groups who buy shares

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32
Q

what do investors get?

A

a fraction of the profits that the company makes

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33
Q

what did investment banks create?

A

new financial products that made foreigh investment less risky

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34
Q

what is financial deregulation?

A

relaxed the rules about what banks were allowed to do

  • allowing banks to charge people more for their services
  • letting banks invest in a greater range of businesses
  • removing barriers to capital coming in and out of a country
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35
Q

why did the financial deregulation involve removing barriers to capital coming in and out of a country?

A

to make it easier for investment banks to buy and sell shares and other products across the world

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36
Q

what happened in the 1980s to make the financial system more global?

A
  • infomation technology allowed investors greater access to information
  • investment banks created new financial products
  • financial deregulation
  • removing barriers
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37
Q

what did the changes in the 1980s, to make the financial system more global, do?

A
  • greater range of companies getting involved in finance

- enabled investment banks to take on a greater number of services

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38
Q

what governs the flows of products between countries?

A

the global trade system

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39
Q

what is trade primarily regulated by?

A

countries governments

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40
Q

what do the governments controlling trade do?

A
  • control which products they let into the country and at what price
  • tarriffs
  • non tarrif barriers
  • banning of certain products
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41
Q

what are tariffs?

A

taxes on products coming into the country

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42
Q

do controls make products more or less expensive abroad and to consumers?

A

more

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43
Q

how can countries make trading products cheaper?

A

they can enter a trade agreement

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44
Q

what is a trade agreement?

A

one country agrees to remove controls in exchange in exchange for the other country doing so

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45
Q

what are trade agreements between two countries called?

A

bilateral trade agreements

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46
Q

what are multilateral trade agreements?

A

trade agreements between several countries

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47
Q

what is the global trade system governed by>

A

the world trade organisation (WTO)

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48
Q

what does the WTO do?

A
  • sets rules on how countries can trade with each other

- acts as a forum for countries to negotiate trade deals with each other and settle trade disputes

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49
Q

what do uniform metal containers allow for?

A

more goods to be loaded onto ships at once and transferred straight onto other forms of transport

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50
Q

what have uniform metal containers made it easier to do?

A

move goods quickly and cheaply around the world

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51
Q

what have communications satellites allowed for?

A

relatively cheap wireless communication between two devices regardless of where they are

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52
Q

what do communication satellites allow companies and people in rural areas to do?

A

access the internet and communicate with others

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53
Q

what do optic fibre cables allow?

A

fast communication between two devices, allowing almost instant communication between two people

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54
Q

how can large companies benefit from economies of scale?

A

by purchasing specialised equipment and using product lines. they could also buy raw materials at a lower price as they can buy in bulk

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55
Q

what is outsourcing?

A

when a company pays another company to do work that in the past may have been done in house, usually to save cost

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56
Q

why does trade make war less likely?

A

if countries need each other to buy and sell products, it would not be in their interest to be at war

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57
Q

what does interdependant mean?

A

they rely on each other

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58
Q

how do countries rely on each other for economic growth?

A

products are produced by one group of countries and consumed by another group of countries

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59
Q

how does politics make countries rely on each other?

A

to solve issues that cannot be addressed by just one country

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60
Q

why does interdependence cause inequality?

A

tends to bring more benefits to developed countries rather than less developed countries because the flows of people, money, ideas and technology are unequal

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61
Q

what is remittance?

A

migrants sending money back to their families or home communities

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62
Q

why are flows of money unequal?

A

money often flows from developed countries to less developed countries and less developed countries rarely have the capital required to invest in other countries

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63
Q

how can flows of money bring benefits to countries?

A
  • foreign companies can take advantage of cheap raw materials and low labour costs, while the host country can benefit from foreign capital and expertise
  • foreign aid used to improve living standards and rebuild local infrastructure after a disaster
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64
Q

what is the issue with foreign aid creating dependency?

A

it gives governments little incentive to improve their own countries

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65
Q

how can unequal flows of captial cause conflict?

A

foreign aid can find its way to armed groups and help t fund conflict

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66
Q

how could companies pressure less developed countries to create uneual flows of capital?

A

may pressure governments to pass laws that make it cheaper to invest there

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67
Q

what is neoliberalism?

A

state owned companies were privatised and government spending was cut

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68
Q

what are the benefits of neo liberalism?

A

it has increased free trade which has led to more development within countries and less conflict between some countries

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69
Q

what are the negatives of neo liberalism?

A

increased inequalities, conflict, and injustice

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70
Q

why could neo liberalism lead to conflict?

A

if private companies and free trade in a less developed country are threatened by the decisions of that countrys government, developed countries may believe their intervention is justified, leading to conflict

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71
Q

how has globalisation led to unequal flows of technology?

A

it mainly flows from developed countries to less developed countries

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72
Q

how do unequal flows of technology lead to inequalities?

A

developed countries can afford the latest technology, whereas less developed countries cant, so with the technology they can make products more cheaply and have better access to information and services

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73
Q

how does the unequal flow of technology lead to comflict and injustice?

A

repressive governments of less developed countries have used weapons technology sold to them by developed countries to stop protests from their own people

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74
Q

how can developing and emerging countries drive global systems to their own advantage?

A

with alot of money and technology they have alot of control over the global economy and the political events

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75
Q

what governs the global financial system?

A
  • the international monetary fund (IMF)

- the world bank

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76
Q

what does the International monetary fund (IMF) monitor?

A

the global economy and advises governments on how they could improve their economic situation
-gives loans to countries with ecnomic problems

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77
Q

what does the world bank provide?

A

loans to less developed countries to invest in areas like health, education and infrastructure

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78
Q

why do sme people think global financial institutions, like IMF and the world bank, and reinforcing unequal power relations between different countries?

A
  • they are both based in the USA (less developed countries have less influence)
  • loans are conditional
  • WTO generally works to reduce trade barriers between countries, but many companies keep them in place, reducing imports from less developed countries
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79
Q

what is international trade?

A

the import and export of goods and services between countries

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80
Q

has the volume of trade increased or decreased since the 1980s?

A

increased

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81
Q

how is the pattern of global trade changing?

A

deveoped countries remain the biggest global traders, but some emerging economies are catching up

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82
Q

why are more companies opening themselves up to international trade?

A

by removing barriers to trade which is partly to do with with formation of trade blocs

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83
Q

what is fairtrade?

A

a way of trading that supports people in less developed countries who make products that are exported to develeoped countries

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84
Q

what is foreign direct investment?

A

when a person, company or other groupspends money in anther country in order to generate a profit

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85
Q

what are foreign investrs attracted by?

A
  • the size of the market
  • the stability of the market
  • the possibility of extracting resorces for themselves
  • the ability to access financial services
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86
Q

how has the pattern of foreign direct investment changed?

A

until the 1980s developed countries mainly invested in other developed countries, since developed countries have begun investing more in emerging economies and developing countries

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87
Q

do emerging economies invest in less developed countries?

A

yes

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88
Q

what is ethical investment?

A

when a person, company or group only invests in areas that are considered socially responisble

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89
Q

how can complanies limit trade?

A

uisng tariffs and non tariff barriers

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90
Q

why do some countries limit their trade with tariffs and non tariff barriers?

A

to sheild their industries from foreign competition

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91
Q

what is protectionism?

A

countries sheilding their industries from foreign competition using tariffs

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92
Q

what are the world trade organizations’ rules on how countries should trade with each other?

A
  • cant give a country special access to their market and not the rest
  • countries should promote free trade
  • countries should act predictably in their trading
  • there should be fair competition
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93
Q

what are trading blocs?

A

associations between different governments that promote and manage trade. They remove trade barriers, while keeping common barriers to countries who arent in the bloc

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94
Q

why are many trading blocs regional?

A

they make it easier for countries to trade with their neighbours

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95
Q

are trading blocs ever based around specific industries?

A

yes

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96
Q

what are special econmic zones (SEZs)?

A

areas that have different trade and investment rules to the rest of a country. They increase trade while keeping barriers in the rest of the country

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97
Q

what do special econmic zones increase the volume of trade with?

A

emerging economies and less developed countries

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98
Q

where does most trade in the world take place?

A

between developed countries

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99
Q

who do most less developed countries trade with?

A

emerging economies and developed countries

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100
Q

what is access to markets about?

A

how easy it is for countries and companies to trade with one another

101
Q

how is international access to markets determined?

A

by the extent of export and import barriers between two countries

102
Q

hw is access to markets affected by wealth?

A
  • developed countries often put higher tariffs on goods imported from less developed countries
  • developed countries have more money to invest so can avoid high tariffs by opening factories whith them
  • less developed countries may rely on loans that depend on removing trade barriers and increasing access to their markets
103
Q

how is access to markets increased by being a member of a trading bloc?

A

memeber countries have access tothe markets of all other member countries

104
Q

why does the world trade organisation form special and differential treatment (SDT) agreements?

A

to let the least developed countries bypass developed countries’ tariffs which gives them greater market access

105
Q

what doe the profits made from special and differential agreements allow?

A

less developed countries to diversify the range of industries that have

106
Q

what are the negative impacts of special and differential treatment agreements?

A

in developed countries it allows cheap imports into the country

107
Q

what do some people argue is more effective than special and differential treatments agreements?

A

regional blocs which allow less developed countries to negotiate prices collectively

108
Q

why is it hard for countries with poor market access to establish new industries?

A
  • they face high tariffs when trying to sell abroad
  • making their products uncompetitive
  • may be undercut in their domestic markets by TNCs producing similar products more cheaply
109
Q

why do countries with poor market access often have low gross national income?

A

they are dependant on selling low-value primary products that tend to fluctuate in price

110
Q

why do countries with high levels of market access tend to see more economic growth?

A

they can trade more which means their citizens are wealthier, they can afford to import a range of products and can develop high tech economies which boost the economy further

111
Q

why do people in countries with better market access have a better standard of living?

A

they tend to have higher paid jobs which gives them more disposable income

112
Q

why is quality of life generally lower in countries with less market access?

A

they have less money available for deucation and healthcare

113
Q

why does trade benefit developed countries more than developing countries?

A

many developing countries export mostly primary products which are processed in developed countries and exported at higher prices
-the developed country makes more profit than the developing country, so wages are higher

114
Q

what are TNCs?

A

companies that produce, sell or are located in two or more countries

115
Q

what types of industry do TNCs operate in?

A
  • primary industry
  • secondary industry
  • tertiary industry
116
Q

what % of global trade was linked to TNCs?

A

80%

117
Q

whats gives TNCs a potential influence?

A
  • potential investement
  • creation of jobs
  • provisions of new technology
118
Q

why are TNCs one of the main driving forces behind globalisation?

A

the economic , political and cultural interactions that occur between the countries where they operate

119
Q

how do TNCs connect countries together because of their spatial organisation?

A

they create a global supply chain because the different parts of their businesses are located in different countries

120
Q

where are TNCs headquarters usually located?

A

in big cities in more developed countries

-cities that are well connected in terms of global transport and communications and a supply of highly skilled workers

121
Q

where do TNC research and development facilities tend to be located?

A

in cities and towns where there’s a supply of highly educated people (often same country as headquarters)

122
Q

why do some TNCs locate regional research and development facilities closer to the markets they are selling to?

A

so they can make products that are sepcifically for that market

123
Q

where are TNCs factories usually located?

A

in less developed countries where production costs are lower and in the country where their market os to avoid import and export taxes

124
Q

what are mergers?

A

when two companies agree to become one bigger company to help links form between countries where the two companies operate

125
Q

what is an acquisition?

A

one company buys another company

126
Q

how do TNCs use subcontractors?

A

they use foreign companies to manufacture products without actually owning the business

127
Q

what is foreign direct investment?

A

involves merges, acquisitions and using subcontractors

128
Q

why do TNCs expand their operations?

A

to gain more control over their markets

129
Q

what are two ways TNCs can expand to gain more control over their markets?

A
  • vertical integration

- horizontal integration

130
Q

what is vertial integration?

A

when a company takes over other parts of its supply chain

131
Q

what is horizontal integration?

A

when a company merges with or takes over another company at the same stage of production

132
Q

TNCs in primary industry often invest in what?

A

countries with natural resourses that they can extract

133
Q

what is primary industry?

A

extracting natural resourses

134
Q

what is secondary industry?

A

making material goods

135
Q

what is tertiary industry?

A

providing services

136
Q

what countries do TNCs in secondary industrys often invest in?

A

countries with low labour costs and cheap land, especially where governments encourage investments with tax breaks

137
Q

what countries doe TNCs in tertiary industrys often invest in?

A

countries with a well educated population

138
Q

why do TNCs invest in countries with weak labour and environental regulations?

A

weak regulations allow TNCs to cut costs

139
Q

what is intra firm trading?

A

when one division of a TNC trades with another part of a TNC

140
Q

what is intra firm trading counted in?

A

trade figures

141
Q

who decides intra firm prices?

A

by the company management rather than the market, giving TNCs an advantage over smaller businesses

142
Q

what effect is created when a TNC first invests in a new country?

A

a multiplier effect

143
Q

do TNCs make it easier or harder for local companies to trade as part of the global supply chain?

A

easier

144
Q

what is the aim of many TNCs?

A

to create a brand that is recognisable globally

145
Q

why do TNCs gain knowledge of local markets?

A

to adjust their marketing accordingly and even changing their products to reflect national cultures

146
Q

what are international laws?

A

rules that are established by countries through international agreements

  • they are legally binding
  • cover human rights, labour standards, trade regulations, etc
147
Q

what are norms?

A

accepted standards of behaviour

-usually negative consequence if not followed

148
Q

what are institutions?

A

political and legal institutions. To pass and enforce laws, decide whether a law has been broken or act as a forum for different groups to discuss issues and sort out their differences

149
Q

what does global governance regulate?

A

global economic and political systems

150
Q

how does global governance regulate glocal economic and piolitical systems?

A
  • setting up rules countries and companies should follow
  • monitoring whether they follow the rules
  • enforcing the rules if they aren’t followed
151
Q

how can global governance enforce rules?

A
  • taking a country or company to an international court

- imposing economic sanctions like withdrawing trade

152
Q

what are international institutions designed for?

A

to provide growth and stability

153
Q

why does international institutions enforcing coon rules create greater stability?

A

countries know how other countries are likely to react to a situation, making conflict less likely

154
Q

why does the world trade organisation aim to increase global trade through common rules?

A

more trade leads to economic growth and rules make trade more predictable, increasing stability

155
Q

why does the world trade organisation give developemnt loans to less developed countries?

A

to increase their economic growth

156
Q

why is it a problem that countries sign up to internation laws and institutions voluntarily?

A

if a country doesnt sign or formally approve a particular treaty, then they are not bound by the laws that the treaty sets out

157
Q

how can global institutions create inequalitiea and injustices?

A
  • there are conditions to recieving a loan from the IMF and the world bank
  • economic groups strengthen the power of developed countries, rather than encouraging equality with less developed countries
  • members of security insititutions can veto resolutions
158
Q

whay was the united nations set up?

A

to establish a peaceful and fair world

159
Q

why does the UN have a lot of authority?

A

practically every country in the world is a member (193 member countries)

160
Q

what do countries that join the UN have to sign?

A

the United Nations Charter

161
Q

what is the united nations charter?

A

it sets out the basic principles of global governance and the fuctions of the UN

162
Q

what are the UNs aims?

A
  • maintain global peace and security
  • develop friendly relatiuons between nations
  • use cooperation to solve international problems
  • bring countries together to settle disputes
163
Q

what has the UN Millennium Development Goals helped?

A
  • reduce the number of people in poverty
  • increasing the number of children in primary school
  • reduce child and maternal mortality rates
164
Q

how can the UN peacekeeping mission help?

A

to end wars

165
Q

how has the UN created inequalities?

A

developed countries hold the most power over decisions taken at the UN

166
Q

how has the UN created injustices?

A

at times it has been ineffective

167
Q

why do institutions aall need to interact?

A

to ensure that governance is effective

168
Q

decisions made by global institutions affect institutions at what scale?

A

international, national, regional and local scale

169
Q

can decisions at the local or regional level affect institutions at the global level?

A

yes

170
Q

why do nongovernment organizations operate on a range of scales?

A

to monitor and support institutions

171
Q

what are global commons?

A

areas that arent owned by any one country or organisation

-they belong to everybody

172
Q

what are the four global commons?

A
  • Antarctica
  • The high seas
  • Earths atmousphere
  • Outer space
173
Q

what are the global commons governed by?

A

different pieces of internation law

174
Q

why do environmental NGOs want to protect the commons from exploitation?

A

they offer unique habitats for wildlife and have a positive impact on environmental systems. Valuable for scientific investigation

175
Q

why may countries and organizations feel they can exploit the global commons without dealing with the consequences?

A

the cost of exploiting the global commons is shared by everyone. Known as ‘the tradgedy of the commons’

176
Q

why does technology make global commons more vulnerable to exploitation?

A

made it easier to get to global commons that were relatively inaccessible before

177
Q

why does pressure on the global commons cause problems for the planet?

A
  • overfishing in the high seas, affects food chain
  • atmospheric pollution causing climate change
  • increased carbon dioxide causes acidification of the oceans, affecting marine organisations
178
Q

is there a need to protect the global commons?

A

yes

179
Q

how many km^2 does Antarctica cover?

A

14 million km^2

180
Q

how much of the earth’s ice is in Antarctica?

A

90%

181
Q

is there a lot of water available in Antarctica for plants to grow?

A

no, there is very little

182
Q

what is the average temperature in Antarctica?

A

-49*c

183
Q

does Antarctica have very much sun in the winter?

A

no, the sun doesnt rise for several months because of the earths tilt

184
Q

why do very few plants survive in Antarctica?

A

it is cold with very little sunshine

185
Q

why is Antarctica’s terrestrial (land) ecosystem very fragile?

A

lack of water, warmth, and sunlight

186
Q

where do microscopic plankton thrive in the Antarctic?

A

at the Antarctic convergence

187
Q

where in the Antarctic is there upwelling of nutrient rich cold water?

A

Antarctic convergence

188
Q

what are the 4 main threats to Antarctica?

A
  • climate change
  • fishing and whaling
  • search for minerals
  • tourism and research
189
Q

over the past 5 decades, how much has the temperature risen along the west coast of Antarctica?

A

3*c

-one of the fastest temperature rises on earth

190
Q

what has global warming caused to happen to the ice shelves in Antarctica?

A

to melt

-as ice sheets retreat the Antarctic environment has changed dramatically

191
Q

what has happened to penguins as the ice shelves have melted in Antarctica?

A

they have declined and been replaced by penguins that are adapted to open sea conditions

192
Q

why is the decline of krill causing a problem in the Antarctic?

A

they are the main food source for penguins, whales and seals, so the decline of krill leads to the decline of these animals

193
Q

why is the population of antarctic krill decreasing?

A

the sea ice is melting a

-they depend on the environment the sea ice provides

194
Q

how many mm a year has global sea levels risen?

A

3mm

195
Q

what is ocean acidification?

A

when carbon dioxide in the air reacts with saltwater it creates carbonic acid, which deplets the amount of calcium carbonate in the water

196
Q

why could ocean acidification be devastating to Antarcticas plankton?

A

they use calcium carbonate to form their shells

197
Q

why are there legal limits on how many fish can be caught per year in Antarctica?

A

to keep stocks at a sustainable level

198
Q

does illegal fishing take place in Antarctica?

A

yes because it is difficult to monitor

199
Q

why has whaling in Antarctica declined since 1982?

A

regulations were brought in to ban all commercial whaling

200
Q

why will it take whales a long time to recover the population from whaling?

A

they are slow breeders

201
Q

are there alot of minerals in Antarctica?

A

yes there is believed to be

202
Q

where are there large reserves of oil in Antarctica?

A

in the southern ocean

203
Q

has there been any mining in Antarctica?

A

no, it is currently banned

204
Q

why are conditions not favourable to mine in Antarctica?

A
  • too far to transport machinery

- the landscape and climate would make mining difficult and expensive

205
Q

what minerals are in Antarctica?

A
  • coal

- iron

206
Q

why may mining begin to occur in Antarctica in the future?

A

due to increasing demand for minerals and oil as supplies are depleted elsewhere

207
Q

would mining in Antarctica damage the environment?

A

yes

208
Q

tourism increases shipping and air travel to Antarctica, why is this a problem

A

leads to water and air pollution

209
Q

why is litter and waste desposal by tourists in Antarctica a problem?

A

damages habitats and can harm wildlife because decomposition rates in cold environments are slow

210
Q

why is trampling by tourists an issue in Antarctica?

A

damages fragile vegetation and erodes the landscape

211
Q

how can non native species be introduced to Antarctica and why is it an issue?

A

they can be brought on tourists clothing and may alter foodwebs and ecosystems

212
Q

what is the Antarctic treaty?

A

an agreement about how to sustainably manage Antarticas ecosystem

213
Q

when was the Antarctic treaty introduced?

A

1959

214
Q

how many countries have signed the Antarctic treaty?

A

53

215
Q

what are the 3 Antarctic treaty rules?

A
  • should only be used for peaceful reasons
  • countries should cooperate on scientific research
  • should remian in the global commons
216
Q

who can inspect the Antarctics bases and equipment?

A

different countries

217
Q

do inspections on Antarctica take place very often?

A

no

218
Q

what is the protocol of Environmental protection to the Antartic treaty?

A

focuses on protecting Antartics fragile environment

219
Q

when was the protocol of environmental protection to the antarctic treaty signed?

A

1991

220
Q

what did the protocol of environment protection to the antartic treaty do?

A
  • banned all mining in Antarctica
  • protects plants and animals
  • regulates waste disposal and prevents pollution
221
Q

what happens is there are disputes between countries in the Antartic treaty?

A

they are encouraged to negotiate, but then it can be taken to the international court of justice

222
Q

why can tackling problems in the Antarctic treaty be slow and difficult?

A

the countries involved must reach a consesus over all decisions regarding Antartica

223
Q

what is Antartica governed by?

A

global institutions

224
Q

name two institutions that help govern Antarctica?

A
  • international whaling commission

- united nations environmental programme

225
Q

what is the international whaling commission responsible for?

A

regulating whaling and ensuring that the whale population is at a sustainable level

226
Q

when, where and why did the international whaling commission set up a whale sanctuary>

A
  • 1994
  • southern ocean around Antarctica
  • to protect whales
227
Q

why have campaigners criticised the international whaling commission?

A

for not properly monitoring the number of whales in the sanctuary

228
Q

what is the united nations environment programme?

A

its a UN agency and is the main institution that governs the world’s environments

229
Q

what is the united nations environment programme responsible for?

A

reporting activity in the Antarctic to the UN

230
Q

Who is the united nations environment programme run by?

A

the commission for the conservation of antarctic marine living resources, which aims to stop illegal fishing and conserve the Antarctic ecosystem

231
Q

why is the united nations environment programme effectiveness limited?

A

by individual countries protecting their own interests

232
Q

who introduced a whaling moratorium and when?

A

the international whaling commission in 1982

233
Q

what did the whaling moratorium do?

A

banned all commercial whaling around the world

-believed to have helped whale populations increase in Antarctica

234
Q

how is the success of the whaling moratorium monitored?

A

by estimating whale populations based on sightings and modelling

235
Q

why do NGOs believe the whaling moratorium is poorly enforced?

A

Japanese whalers killed over 300 Antarctic whales for ‘scientific research’ despite the rulling

236
Q

do NGOs play a role in monitoring possible threats to Antarctica and protecting it environments?

A

yes an important role

237
Q

does the way Antarctica is governed affect the rest of the world?

A

yes

238
Q

how has the monitoring of melting ice in Antartica affected people around the world/

A

it has informed efforts to combat climate change

239
Q

what is global governance?

A

all the rules and organisations aimed at making sure everybody works in a fair way

240
Q

what are the 4 benefits globalisation brings?

A
  • integration
  • development
  • stability
  • economic growth
241
Q

how does globalization bring integration?

A

it allows countries to pool their resources to solve global issues that are too great for a single country to deal with

242
Q

how does globalisation bring stability?

A

as countries become more interconnected, they become more dependent on one another. This discourages any actions that would upset global stability, because of the negative consequences for all countries

243
Q

how does globalisation bring developement?

A

foreign investment brings capital into a country, which can be used to improve education and infrastructure. This can attract further trade and investment which leads to further development

244
Q

how does globalisation bring economic growth?

A

participation in global trade allows countries to profit from their natural resourses and specialist industries, generating wealth. countries can gain products and services they are unable to produce

245
Q

how does globalisation create inequalities?

A

as companies move low skilled workers to less developed countries, low skilled workers in developed countries find it hard to earn money. Rich/poor divide

246
Q

how does globalisation create conflict?

A

developed countries have intervened in conflicts in order to secure access to natural resourses like oil

247
Q

how does globalisation cause injustice?

A

improved transport and communications systems have made human trafficing easier. People in less developed countries work in sweat shops to make products for people in developed countries

248
Q

why is it a problem that global trade increases the amount of transportation?

A

more pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

249
Q

why does global governance allow greater scientific exploration of Antarctica?

A

people from all over the world can conduct research in Antarctica

Physical Geography (6 decks)

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