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Human Geography > Global systems and global governance > Flashcards

Global systems and global governance Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 dimensions of globalisation?

A
  • Economic
  • Cultural
  • Political
  • Social
  • Biological
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2
Q

Capital flows?

A

The movement of money for the purpose of investment,trade or to produce goods/provide services.Usually regarded as investment into a production operation

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3
Q

Globalisation?

A

A process by which national economies,societies and cultures have become increasingly integrated through the global network of trade,communication,transportation and immigration.

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4
Q

Labour?

A

Factor of production defined as the aggregate of all human physical and mental effort used to create goods or provide services.

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5
Q

International trade?

A

The exchange of capital,goods and services across international borders.Inbound trade is define as imports an outbound trade as exports.

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6
Q

Give an example for the dimension of politics in globalisation?

A
  • trading blocs

- governmental and global institutions

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7
Q

Give an example for the dimension of the economy in globalisation?

A
  • trade and aid
  • TNCs
  • capital flows
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8
Q

Give an example for the dimension of society in globalisation?

A
  • migration

- social networks

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9
Q

What is economic globalisation caused by?

A

-Increase in free trade

  • Growth of transnational corporations
  • Faster,cheaper transport
  • global marketing
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10
Q

What is political globalisation caused by?

A
  • Poorer countries
  • decline of centralised (communist) economies.
  • Growth of western democracies and their influence on poorer countries
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11
Q

What is cultural/social globalisation caused by?

A
  • Migration
  • Global communication networks
  • Impact of the western culture through media,sport,leisure and celebrity
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12
Q

What are the factors of production?

A
  • Land
  • Labour
  • Capital
  • Enterprise
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13
Q

What is capital as a factor of production?

A

This refers to any physical resource that can be regarded as a man-made aid for production such as buildings,factories,machinery.

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14
Q

What is enterprise as a factor of production?

A

This is very particular form of human capital describing those who take the risk of establishing businesses and organising the production of goods or provision of services.

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15
Q

Whats is economic globalisation caused by?

A
  • Increase in free trade
  • Growth of transnational corporations
  • Faster,cheaper transport
  • global marketing
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16
Q

Whats is political globalisation caused by?

A
  • Poorer countries
  • decline of centralised (communist) economies.
  • Growth of western democracies and their influence on poorer countries
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17
Q

Whats is cultural/social globalisation caused by?

A
  • Migration
  • Global communication networks
  • Impact of the western culture through media,sport,leisure and celebrity
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18
Q

What is BRICS?

A

group of 5 countries:

  • Brazil
  • Russia
  • India
  • China
  • SOuth Africa
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19
Q

What are economic leakages?

A

Loss of income from economic system

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20
Q

What is profit repatriation?

A

Profits sent back to base country by TNCs

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21
Q

What is diaspora?

A

Large group of people with similar heritage who have settled in places all over the world

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22
Q

What is FDI?

A

Investment made by TNCs or governments into a foreign country?

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23
Q

What is economies of scale?

A

Cost advantages that result from larger size operation like buying in bulk or specialized equipment

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24
Q

What are the types of capital flows?

A
  • FDI
  • Repatriation of profits
  • Aid
  • Remittance payments
  • Migration
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25
Q

What are remittance payments?

A

Transfers of money by foreign workers to family in home country

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26
Q

How does migration affect capital?

A
  • Skilled and talented workers move to richer countries - pa tax and spend money there
  • Do send home remittance payments
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27
Q

What is deregulation of world financial markets?

A

Activities of institutions like banks, insurance companies and investment companies can go international

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28
Q

When was the deregulation of world financial markets?

A

Late 20th century

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29
Q

What places attract migrants from further afield?

A

North America, Europe and Gulf states

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30
Q

What are gulf states?

A

Middle East: Qatar, UAE, SA

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31
Q

What country has the largest flow of labour?

A

Asia, between 2005 and 2010 5 million workers have moved from south Asia to East Asia

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32
Q

Where do most migrants move over?

A

Short distances in close regions despite cross border movements

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33
Q

What are conglomerates?

A

Collection of different companies that report to one parent company (TNCs)

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34
Q

What is economies of scale?

A

Cost advantages that result from larger size

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35
Q

What is the flow of information governed by?

A
  • Migration
  • Communication transfers
  • Speed of data
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36
Q

What can flow of information consist of?

A
  • Cultural ideas
  • Language
  • Business
  • Technology
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37
Q

How has flow of information been made easier?

A
  • Global telephone networks (faster, cheaper)
  • Email and internet
  • Media coverage
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38
Q

What is economic globalisation characterised by?

A

Long distance flows of goods,capital and services as well as information and market exchanges.

39
Q

What is political globalisation characterised by?

A

The diffusion of government,policy and development of market economies in former communist states

40
Q

What is Cultural/Social globalisation characterised by?

A

Spread of ideas,information and images.

41
Q

What is the core-periphery model?

A

The core assumed that global power in concentrated in the hands of a relatively small block of developed nations.Periphery countries were seen as those that are less developed and have been exploited an suffer from a lack of investment.

42
Q

What is more free flowing financial or labour markets?

A

Financial

43
Q

Why is the labour market less free flowing than the financial market?

A

Because there is more restrictions on immigration

44
Q

Why do migrants cross international borders?

A

For better employment opportunities.

45
Q

What percentage of somalis rely on remittances?

A

40%

46
Q

How much does remittances account for in the GNI and Investment of somalia?

A
  • 50 % of the GNI

- 80% of all investment in the country

47
Q

How much FDI,Exports,international aid and remittances does somalia receive a year?

A

Remittances-$1.2 billion

International trade-$800 million

Exports-$500 million

FDI-$100 million

48
Q

What conditions in somalia worry UK and US financial institutions?

A
  • It’s informal economy,with little government regulation
  • The lack of anti-money laundering laws
  • The lack of due diligence,SARs for money transmitters
  • The fact that some remittances may end up in the hands of terrorist group Al-Shabaab,which receives donations from domestic and foreign sympathisers.
49
Q

Containerisation?

A

A system of standardised transport that uses large standard size-steel containers to transport goods.The containers can be transferred between ships,trains and lorries,enabling cheaper and efficient transport

50
Q

Tariffs?

A

A tax or duty placed on imported goods with the intention of making them more expensive to consumers so that they do not sell at a lower price than home-based goods-a strategy of protectionism

51
Q

Protectionism?

A

A deliberate policy by government to impose restrictions on trade in goods and services with other countries-usually done with the intention of protecting home-based industries from foreign competition.

52
Q

What are services?

A

Economic activities that are traded without production of material goods

53
Q

What 2 ways can services be split into?

A
  • high level service

- low level service

54
Q

What is a high level service?

A

Service to business such as:

  • finance
  • investment
  • advertising
55
Q

What are low level services?

A

Service to consumers:

  • travel
  • tourism
  • call centres
  • banking
56
Q

Why are high level services footloose?

A

They can locate anywhere and serve customers worldwide

57
Q

What is international movement of trade facilitated by?

A

The reduction in costs of trade which includes transaction,tariffs and transport and time costs.

58
Q

How has transaction costs been reduced?

A

By improvements in flows of data and the ease with which capital can be transferred to pay for transactions

59
Q

How has transport and time costs been reduced?

A

Been reduced by the process of containerisation which has enabled more complex and long distance flows of products.

60
Q

Why has tariffs reduced?

A

Because of work put in by the world trade organization work to remove regulatory barriers.

61
Q

Why has decentralisation occured over time?

A

A result of FDI from TNCs into developing countries able to take manufacturing tasks at competitive prices

62
Q

What has happened to low level services?

A

Decentralized e.g call centres from UK to India

63
Q

What is marketing?

A

Process of promoting, advertising and selling products or services

64
Q

What happens happens to a company when it becomes a global marketer?

A
  • Views the world as one single market
  • Creates products that fit various regional markets
  • Develop recognisable ‘Brand’
65
Q

Why do companies employ one marketing strategy?

A

Sell product same everywhere creating economies on scale which is cheaper

66
Q

Give an example of a company that uses global marketing?

A

Coca cola, tweeks minor elements for different regionals like formula and bottle design

67
Q

What did globalisation do to labour?

A

It created a new international division of labour with two main recognisable groups

68
Q

What are the two main recognisable groups of labour?

A
  • Highly skilled,highly paid,decision-making,research and managerial corporations which,on a global scale,are largely concentrated in more developed countries
  • The unskilled,poorly paid assembly occupations,which tend to be located in developing countries that have lower labour costs
69
Q

What has happened in the last 40 years?

A

Many countries that were classified as less economically developed have become newly industrialised countries.

70
Q

What does MINT stand for?

A

The new emerging developing countries Malaysia,Indonesia,Nigeria and Turkey.

71
Q

In 1954 how much of manufacturing was concentrated in the industrialised economies of Western Europe,North America and Japan.

A

95%

72
Q

Where is most product consumption in the world?

A

HICs

73
Q

Give an example of a company that moved manufacturing?

A

Dyson, UK based vacuum cleaner manufacturer, moved to Malaysia but still sells products in UK

74
Q

How is product consumption changing?

A

Emerging NICs are becoming more competitive and demanding similar consumer prices

75
Q

What future patterns of product consumption is predicted?

A
  • Asia more competitive, exports to other countries in Asia

- Fastest growing trade route between India and China

76
Q

What is Maquiladora?

A

Manufacturing operation located in free trade zones in Mexico

77
Q

What does Maquiladora do?

A

Import materials for assembly then export final product with not tariffs

78
Q

Why have links between countries increased?

A
  • Development of computer and internet
  • English as global language
  • Few boundaries for flow of data
79
Q

Why do manufacturers move around the world?

A
  • Availability of skilled or educated workforce
  • Access to large markets (no tariffs, trade agreements)
  • Government incentives (tax breaks, enterprise zones)
  • Cheaper labour
80
Q

How has transport contributed to globalisation?

A
  • Quicker
  • Large quantities
  • Efficient
81
Q

What ways has transport improved?

A
  • Increased size of aircraft and low-cost airlines
  • Containerism
  • Computerised logistic system
  • Handling and distribution efficiency
82
Q

What security threats does trade face?

A
  • Supply chain security
  • Crime and anti-terrorism
  • Anti-smuggling
  • Food and bio-security
83
Q

What is global shift?

A

TNCs relocating there production to developing countries with lower wage economies.

84
Q

What has the transfer of technology by TNCs allowed developing countries to do?

A

Allows countries in developing world to increase rate of productivity without raising their wages to same price as developed countries.

85
Q

What is a consequence of global shift?

A

Deindustrialisation

86
Q

What factors have combined to accelerate globalisation since 1990s?

A
  • Communications-ICT/Mobile phones and the internet revolution
  • Transport-Faster transport by air
  • Collapse of communism-more countries develop market economies
  • TNCs-Growth of TNCs through mergers and expansion
  • Capital/investment-Increasing capital mobility
  • Global marketing-Rise in significant global brands
  • Travel-Increased business,personalo and tourism travel
  • Migration-Ideas and information spread via movement of people
  • Trade-Role of WTO;more free trade;trading groups e.g EU
  • Containerisation-Vast quantities can be shipped at lower price
87
Q

What is the UK trade and investment department job?

A

They offer support and advice on all aspects of trade to encourage businesses,especially first-time exporters,to trade their goods overseas.

88
Q

What are dry ports?

A

Ports inland and nearer to businesses.

89
Q

Why do developing countries like pakistan encourage the use of dry ports?

A

To lower the transport cost and save exporter time as all shipment arrangements and customs documentation are completed locally before the goods are shipped

90
Q

How have security threats been treated?

A
  • Initiatives (WCO, EU) which have minimum standards

- Tightened measures on terrorism, not leave stable door open

91
Q

What does NAFTA stand for?

A

North american trade agreement.

92
Q

What is CARICOM?

A

A trade bloc made up of a Caribbean community 20 countries

93
Q

What is MERCOSUR?

A

A coalition of countries in south America which makes

94
Q

What companies invested in for cost advantages (economies of scale)?

A
  • Technologies (robotics)
  • Global marketing and distribution networks
  • Globally capable management

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