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Geography > Global systems and global governance > Flashcards

Global systems and global governance Flashcards

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1
Q

when did globalisation accelerate?

A

1980s

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2
Q

how many TNCs were there in 1975 and how many are there now?

A

7,000-60,000

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3
Q

what are the BRIC countries?

A

Brazil, Russia, India and China

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4
Q

What are the MINT countries?

A

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey

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5
Q

how much lower are call centre wages in India than in the UK?

A

10-20%

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6
Q

what year was the global financial recession?

A

2008

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7
Q

the WTO oversees what % of world trade?

A

over 97%

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8
Q

what was the initial aim of the EU?

A

to create a single ‘common’ market for goods, services, capital, and labour by eliminating all barriers to trade and hence promoting free trade between all members

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9
Q

what does IMF stand for?

A

international monetary fund

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10
Q

what is the role of the IMF?

A

works to raise global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty worldwide

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11
Q

Give one positive of the IMF

A

prevents international financial system from collapsing

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12
Q

give one negative of the IMF

A

conditions in place for loans may not have borrowing at the countries best interest- raise interest rates

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13
Q

describe the World Bank

A

is a financial institution which provides loans to developing countries for capital programs

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14
Q

give a positive of the world bank

A

Loans/financial assistance for infrastructure projects in developing countries- trigger further investment and development

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15
Q

give one negative of the world bank

A

guilty in the past of too many top-down projects requested by corrupted governments- little positive economic impacts and disastrous environmental impacts

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16
Q

give 2 common criticisms of the IMF and the world bank

A
  • reinforce unequal power relations

- LICs have little influence over decisions

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17
Q

what is the main role of the WTO?

A

deals with the rules of trade between countries

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18
Q

what is one of the main successes of the WTO?

A

reduced trade restrictions since 1995- economic and political benefits

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19
Q

what does IPCC stand for?

A

International Panel on Climate Change

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20
Q

Uganda now has cheap wireless technology, why is this important in rural areas?

A

farmers can access the internet and gain information about prices and new farming techniques

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21
Q

where has the largest number of internet users in the world, and how many?

A

China, 650mil in 2015

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22
Q

what is Nigeria an example of and why?

A

a single product economy- oil and gas account for 80% national income

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23
Q

why did oil companies exploit Nigeria?

A

Nigeria had the product but lacked the money/technology to extract it

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24
Q

what % umberellas are made in China?

A

70%

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25
Q

why is umberella city successful?

A
  • access to domestic and international markets

- tax incentives as it is a cheap product

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26
Q

who accounts for 25% of global trade?

A

USA, Germany and Japan

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27
Q

give an example of a country with a high share of FDI for financial business services?

A

Singapore

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28
Q

give an example of a country with a high share of FDI for natural resource development?

A

DRC- mining corporations attracted

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29
Q

how many fairtrade certified producer organisations are there, in how many countries? how many people does this benefit?

A

1210 in 74 countries

benefits 6mil people

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30
Q

before fairtrade, how many family farms sold bananas as a price that was too low to cover basic costs?

A

339

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31
Q

give an economic benefit of the fairtrade scheme

A

producers able to raise capital to invest e.g. banana washing tanks

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32
Q

give a social benefit of the fairtrade scheme

A

improved educational facilities, schools for special needs children

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33
Q

what does NAFTA stand for and when was it formed?

A

North America Free Trade Agreement

1994

34
Q

what does TPP stand for?

A

Trans-Pacific Partnership

35
Q

in which African country was China exploiting natural resources? what were they mining?

A

Zambia- copper and cobalt

36
Q

how much steel produced each year comes from China?

A

half of the 1.6bn tonnes produced globally

37
Q

why is BP in Azerbaijan?

A

to exploit minerals and other resources

38
Q

how is BP an example of vertical integration?

A

owns the whole supply chain. has 40 oil and gas fields, own shipping fleet and refineries. UK has over 1100 retail stations

39
Q

give an example of horizontal integration

A

Kraft foods takeover of Cadburys in 2010. Kraft then merged with Heinz in 2015. To access a more diverse base in the grocery and confectionary market

40
Q

how many firms control 28% of global food production?

A

10 firms

41
Q

how many people are overweight and how many are undernourished?

A

1.9bn overweight, 800mil undernourished

42
Q

in the UK how many tonnes of palm oil is consumed each year?

A

320,000 tonnes

43
Q

what % palm oil is grown in Malaysia?

A

90%

44
Q

in Indonesia, how many hectares of rainforest have been transformed into palm oil plantations?

A

13mil hectares (3x size of Switzerland)

45
Q

what does RSPO stand for?

A

Roundtable of Sustainable Palm Oil

46
Q

from 2015-2016 what happened to sales of RSPO palm oil?

A

increased 3 fold

47
Q

what have RSPO plantations still been criticised for?

A

forced and child labour

48
Q

what is a negative of the green palm certificates?

A

producers sell to TNCs even if it isn’t in their products (Unilever)

49
Q

how many members does the RSPO represent?

A

1700

50
Q

what % of palm oil produced globally is certified sustainable?

A

20%

51
Q

in Indonesia, how much of the orangutan population has been wiped out in 16 years?

A

half the population

52
Q

where are Apple’s headquarters?

A

California

53
Q

how many full time employees does apple have?

A

98,000

54
Q

how many retail stores does apple have in how many countries?

A

450 in 16 countries

55
Q

in 2011 what % of apples sales were from the USA?

A

44%

56
Q

apple’s assembly of prodicts is mainly outsourced to?

A

Foxconn

57
Q

How many apple employees are there in Cork, Ireland and what does the european HQ attract?

A

4000

attracted FDI from other high-tech firms

58
Q

what is a negative of apples european HQ?

A

most of the highly skilled workers are foreign nationals

59
Q

what has apple been accused of?

A

corporate tax avoidance

60
Q

in 2006 what was reported in Chinese factories?

A

200,000 workers lived and worked in the factory

60hrs a week for $100 a month

61
Q

in 2010, how many apple workers were poisoned by a chemical?

A

50

62
Q

how many suicides occurred in apple factories in 2010 as a result of poor working conditions?

A

14

63
Q

why did greenpeace criticise apple?

A

non- renewable energy/lack of recyclability of products and chemicals polluted water supplies

64
Q

what does the UN take responsibility for?

A

promoting growth, stability and the development of all regions sustainably both economically and environmentally

65
Q

what are NGOs?

A

non-governmental organisations, with varying objectives, generally justice/equality for people or campaign for environmental sustainability

66
Q

what is the aim of the united nations development program?

A

eradicate poverty and reduction of inequalities and exclusion

67
Q

how many countries does the UNDP operate in?

A

170

68
Q

what did the UN set up in 2000?

A

millenium development goals

69
Q

what was the main aim of the un Paris climate agreement in 2015?

A

hold global temps to a max of 1.5 degrees c

70
Q

name the global commons

A

high seas/deep oceans, atmosphere, north/south polar regions, outer space

71
Q

what is the tragedy of the commons?

A

a phrase used to refer to the conflict for resources between individual interest and the common good

72
Q

which ocean surrounds antarctica?

A

southern ocean

73
Q

what species is found at the antarctic convergence zone?

A

krill

74
Q

what % of antarctica is covered by glacial ice?

A

97%

75
Q

what is the av. temp in antarctica?

A

-49degrees c

76
Q

what is the mean annual precipitation in antarctica?

A

less than 50mm per year

77
Q

what are the mean annual windspeeds in antarctica?

A

50mph, gusts can reach 200mph

78
Q

why was whaling popular?

A

highly profitable products (meat/bone meal)

79
Q

whales in the southern ocean began in the early 1900s. in 1910, how much of the worlds catch was from the southern ocean in 2010?

A

50%

80
Q

what does the IWC stand for and when was it set up?

A

international whaling commission

1946

81
Q

what did the IWC set up in 1994?

A

southern ocean whaling sanctuary- an area of 50mil km^2 around antarctica where all whaling was banned

82
Q

how much have krill numbers dropped by since the 1970s due to fishing and climate change?

A

80%

Geography (17 decks)

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