Global systems and global governance Flashcards
when did globalisation accelerate?
1980s
how many TNCs were there in 1975 and how many are there now?
7,000-60,000
what are the BRIC countries?
Brazil, Russia, India and China
What are the MINT countries?
Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey
how much lower are call centre wages in India than in the UK?
10-20%
what year was the global financial recession?
2008
the WTO oversees what % of world trade?
over 97%
what was the initial aim of the EU?
to create a single ‘common’ market for goods, services, capital, and labour by eliminating all barriers to trade and hence promoting free trade between all members
what does IMF stand for?
international monetary fund
what is the role of the IMF?
works to raise global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty worldwide
Give one positive of the IMF
prevents international financial system from collapsing
give one negative of the IMF
conditions in place for loans may not have borrowing at the countries best interest- raise interest rates
describe the World Bank
is a financial institution which provides loans to developing countries for capital programs
give a positive of the world bank
Loans/financial assistance for infrastructure projects in developing countries- trigger further investment and development
give one negative of the world bank
guilty in the past of too many top-down projects requested by corrupted governments- little positive economic impacts and disastrous environmental impacts
give 2 common criticisms of the IMF and the world bank
- reinforce unequal power relations
- LICs have little influence over decisions
what is the main role of the WTO?
deals with the rules of trade between countries
what is one of the main successes of the WTO?
reduced trade restrictions since 1995- economic and political benefits
what does IPCC stand for?
International Panel on Climate Change
Uganda now has cheap wireless technology, why is this important in rural areas?
farmers can access the internet and gain information about prices and new farming techniques
where has the largest number of internet users in the world, and how many?
China, 650mil in 2015
what is Nigeria an example of and why?
a single product economy- oil and gas account for 80% national income
why did oil companies exploit Nigeria?
Nigeria had the product but lacked the money/technology to extract it
what % umberellas are made in China?
70%
why is umberella city successful?
- access to domestic and international markets
- tax incentives as it is a cheap product
who accounts for 25% of global trade?
USA, Germany and Japan
give an example of a country with a high share of FDI for financial business services?
Singapore
give an example of a country with a high share of FDI for natural resource development?
DRC- mining corporations attracted
how many fairtrade certified producer organisations are there, in how many countries? how many people does this benefit?
1210 in 74 countries
benefits 6mil people
before fairtrade, how many family farms sold bananas as a price that was too low to cover basic costs?
339
give an economic benefit of the fairtrade scheme
producers able to raise capital to invest e.g. banana washing tanks
give a social benefit of the fairtrade scheme
improved educational facilities, schools for special needs children
what does NAFTA stand for and when was it formed?
North America Free Trade Agreement
1994
what does TPP stand for?
Trans-Pacific Partnership
in which African country was China exploiting natural resources? what were they mining?
Zambia- copper and cobalt
how much steel produced each year comes from China?
half of the 1.6bn tonnes produced globally
why is BP in Azerbaijan?
to exploit minerals and other resources
how is BP an example of vertical integration?
owns the whole supply chain. has 40 oil and gas fields, own shipping fleet and refineries. UK has over 1100 retail stations
give an example of horizontal integration
Kraft foods takeover of Cadburys in 2010. Kraft then merged with Heinz in 2015. To access a more diverse base in the grocery and confectionary market
how many firms control 28% of global food production?
10 firms
how many people are overweight and how many are undernourished?
1.9bn overweight, 800mil undernourished
in the UK how many tonnes of palm oil is consumed each year?
320,000 tonnes
what % palm oil is grown in Malaysia?
90%
in Indonesia, how many hectares of rainforest have been transformed into palm oil plantations?
13mil hectares (3x size of Switzerland)
what does RSPO stand for?
Roundtable of Sustainable Palm Oil
from 2015-2016 what happened to sales of RSPO palm oil?
increased 3 fold
what have RSPO plantations still been criticised for?
forced and child labour
what is a negative of the green palm certificates?
producers sell to TNCs even if it isn’t in their products (Unilever)
how many members does the RSPO represent?
1700
what % of palm oil produced globally is certified sustainable?
20%
in Indonesia, how much of the orangutan population has been wiped out in 16 years?
half the population
where are Apple’s headquarters?
California
how many full time employees does apple have?
98,000
how many retail stores does apple have in how many countries?
450 in 16 countries
in 2011 what % of apples sales were from the USA?
44%
apple’s assembly of prodicts is mainly outsourced to?
Foxconn
How many apple employees are there in Cork, Ireland and what does the european HQ attract?
4000
attracted FDI from other high-tech firms
what is a negative of apples european HQ?
most of the highly skilled workers are foreign nationals
what has apple been accused of?
corporate tax avoidance
in 2006 what was reported in Chinese factories?
200,000 workers lived and worked in the factory
60hrs a week for $100 a month
in 2010, how many apple workers were poisoned by a chemical?
50
how many suicides occurred in apple factories in 2010 as a result of poor working conditions?
14
why did greenpeace criticise apple?
non- renewable energy/lack of recyclability of products and chemicals polluted water supplies
what does the UN take responsibility for?
promoting growth, stability and the development of all regions sustainably both economically and environmentally
what are NGOs?
non-governmental organisations, with varying objectives, generally justice/equality for people or campaign for environmental sustainability
what is the aim of the united nations development program?
eradicate poverty and reduction of inequalities and exclusion
how many countries does the UNDP operate in?
170
what did the UN set up in 2000?
millenium development goals
what was the main aim of the un Paris climate agreement in 2015?
hold global temps to a max of 1.5 degrees c
name the global commons
high seas/deep oceans, atmosphere, north/south polar regions, outer space
what is the tragedy of the commons?
a phrase used to refer to the conflict for resources between individual interest and the common good
which ocean surrounds antarctica?
southern ocean
what species is found at the antarctic convergence zone?
krill
what % of antarctica is covered by glacial ice?
97%
what is the av. temp in antarctica?
-49degrees c
what is the mean annual precipitation in antarctica?
less than 50mm per year
what are the mean annual windspeeds in antarctica?
50mph, gusts can reach 200mph
why was whaling popular?
highly profitable products (meat/bone meal)
whales in the southern ocean began in the early 1900s. in 1910, how much of the worlds catch was from the southern ocean in 2010?
50%
what does the IWC stand for and when was it set up?
international whaling commission
1946
what did the IWC set up in 1994?
southern ocean whaling sanctuary- an area of 50mil km^2 around antarctica where all whaling was banned
how much have krill numbers dropped by since the 1970s due to fishing and climate change?
80%
