Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Geography > Global systems > Flashcards

Global systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

Give an example of a human global system

A 
services
capital
people
information
products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a global system?

A

a term used by human geographers to understand how human activity operates on a worldwide scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the first principle of global systems?

A

all peoples, industries and economies, form part of a single, unified, complex and interconnected structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the second principle of global systems? (2)

A
  • connections linking people and places are viewed as ‘flows’
  • physical systems driven by energy and matter. Human systems depend on flows of money, people, ideas and products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the third principle of global systems?

A

all global flows are embedded in a broad, political and legal framework

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the fourth principle of global systems?

A

the complexity of global systems has heightened human interconnectivity, interdependence and mutual dependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How have global flows changed?

A

global flows have deepened -> lengthened and -> accelerated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Outline the history of flows in Ancient Egypt (3)

A
  • land and sea trade routes
  • construction techniques
  • reed boats in 4000BC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Outline the history of flows in Babylon (2)

A
  • developed a system of manufactured goods

- established trade with India, Turkey etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Outline the history of flows in Rome (3)

A
  • only had a population of 1 million people
  • had roads for trade and territory
  • had trade routes through the Mediterranean and black sea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outline the history of flows in colonialism

A
  • the grab for Africa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Outline global flows now (3)

A
  • the internet
  • data sharing
  • financial deregulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is financial deregulation?

A

the removal of government rules around financial services like banks etc., which allowed foreign banks to set up HQ in the UK after the deregulation in the 70s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Outline financial deregulation

A
  • before deregulation, your bank had to be your nationality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is glocalisation?

A

the customisation of a service to suit the local use and audience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Analyse globalisation in terms of the flow of ideas (3)

A
  • diffusion and spread of dominant culture (‘McDonaldisation’)
  • glocalisation of goods and services to meet local and cultural needs
  • new political movements and changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Analyse globalisation in terms of product and capital flows (2)

A
  • growth of TNCs and cross-border trade

- World Bank and IMF lending to support development and globalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Analyse globalisation in terms of the flow of people (2)

A
  • changing ideas about gender and sexuality

- international migration and diaspora growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Analyse globalisation in terms of the flow of tech and services (4)

A
  • ICT supporting remote learning and healthcare
  • social connections through social media
  • online shopping and data sales
  • ICT supporting labour spatial divisions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What enabled global time-space compression to accelerate? (2)

A
  • developments in 19th century transport and trade (railway, telegraph, steamship)
  • developments in 20th century jet aircrafts, fibre optic tech and containerships
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are all the different transport developments? (4)

A
  • containerisation
  • freight
  • aeroplanes
  • high speed rail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the different transport developments known as?

A

the enablers of globalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Outline containerisation as a transport development (4)

A
  • movement of containers in large amounts
  • carries raw materials and manufactured goods
  • largest containership version contains 21,000 containers
  • 200 million containership trips made per year
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Outline freights as a transport development (3)

A
  • carried by lorries
  • US developed 25m long version
  • mega sheds made for more freights
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Outline aeroplanes as a transport development (2)

A
  • Boeing 787 -> first time travelling from the UK to Australia non-stop
  • revolutionising places like India and China
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Outline high speed rail as a transport development (3)

A
  • most popular in China and India which are emerging superpowers
  • the sky train from China to Tibet
  • the train passed through -35C temperatures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Despite such rapid advancements in tech, what’s happening?

A
  • billions of people remain weakly connected to global systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sub-Saharan Africa and phones

A

most people in sub-saharan africa have mobile phones but most don’t use them for the internet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Arpanet as a technology development(3)

A
  • first version of he internet
  • 1960s, US Defence
  • linked different computers in different stations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mobile technology as a technology development

A
  • innovation driven by need of TNCs to protect market share
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

AI as a technology development (2)

A
  • Kiva robot

- Management, info and security systems increasingly rely on AI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The Kiva robot (3)

A
  • amazon bought company that made them
  • 15,000 in use across 10 US warehouses
  • 426 items sold per second last year (36.8 million in a year)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is M-pesa?

A

Africa’s most successful mobile money service

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does M-pesa provide?

A

access to financial services to those that have a mobile phone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How many countries is M-pesa live in?

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How many 30 day active subscribers of M-pesa are there?

A

over 37 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How many 30-day active agents of M-pesa are there?

A

over 396,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How many transactions through M-pesa were made in 2018?

A

around 11 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does M-pesa offer? (4)

A
  • customers can send, receive and store money safely
  • markets can have digital platform
  • faster purchases with QR code
  • transaction through a SIM card
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How does M-pesa work?

A
  • customers register at an authorised agent
  • cash deposited in exchange for electronic money
  • recipient doesn’t need to use the same network
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does M-pesa enable?

A

connections many thought weren’t possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What have some NGOs used M-pesa for?

A

sending patients the money to pay for travels (e.g. CCR or Comprehensive Community-based Rehabilitation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

M-pesa and M-Kopa Solar (2)

A
  • M-Kopa solar has connected off-grid homes to solar power electricity through M-pesa
  • customers can pay in small installments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

M-pesa and G4S

A

G4S can pay its security staff around the country in bulk directly to their phones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

M-pesa and the UN

A

contributed to the achievement of the UN sustainable development goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Communication technology in the 1860s

A

first telegraph cables across the Atlantic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Communication technology in 1971

A

the microprocessor (aka the internet of things) allowed household items to use Wifi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Communication technology in the 1980s thru 90s

A

broadband development. Ocean floor fibre-optic cables owned by governments and TNCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Communication technology in the 1970s

A

first GPS satellite launched in 1970s. 20 now situated 10,000km above Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How many kilometres of fibre-optic cables are owned by TNCs

A

1 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the 4 flows of capital?

A
  • FDI
  • International lending and debt relief
  • International aid
  • Remittances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How much money does FDI bring each year?

A

$2 trillion

53
Q

When was the last peak in FDI?

A

$12.4 trillion in 2007-8

it has declined since

54
Q

Where does $70 billion in FDI come from?

A
  • investment banks
  • pension funds
  • private citizens
55
Q

How much does the IMF and WB loan?

A

billions of dollars

56
Q

Which country is a significant lender of money?

A

China

57
Q

Which country received the msot UK aid until recently?

A

India

58
Q

Which countries is UK aid mainly aimed at?

A

commonwealth countries

59
Q

How much money in remittances is there currently?

A

$500 billion

60
Q

How many times more is remittances than international aid?

A

3x the value

61
Q

What are the 5 TNC investment strategies?

A 
offshoring
mergers
acquisition
joint venture
glocalisation
62
Q

Offshoring

A

TNCs moving parts of their own production process overseas

63
Q

Give an example of a TNC that has offshored production

A

Dyson to Malaysia

64
Q

Positives of offshoring (3)

A
  • cheaper labour
  • looser regulations
  • expansion of a country’s “territory” and market
65
Q

Negative of offshoring

A

the TNC loses some of its direct control over the production of its goods

66
Q

Merger

A

the joining together of 2 companies on equal terms

67
Q

Positive of merging

A

double brand recognition/ larger brand recognition

68
Q

Joint venture

A

2 companies forming a partnership, not a merger

69
Q

Glocalisation

A

adapting a global product for the local market

70
Q

Positive of glocalisation

A

sometimes, glocalisation reflects different laws in different countries. e.g. BMW making right-hand drive cars for the UK

71
Q

What is a TNC?

A

a company that has operations in more than one country to produce/sell products and services

72
Q

Where do TNCs have their roots?

A

the colonial business of the 17th century e.g. East India Company

73
Q

What did TNCs mainly control?

A

trade routes

74
Q

How much of the world’s population did they rule?

A

20% including large areas of India with private armies

75
Q

How do TNCs often build their businesses?

A

by buying foreign firms in mergers and acquisitions

76
Q

In 2006, how many of the top 10 TNCs were in the US?

A

6

77
Q

In 2010, how many of the top 10 TNCs were in the US?

A

2

78
Q

In 2010, how many of the top 10 TNCs were in China?

A

3

79
Q

Where are the bulk of a TNCs assets?

A

in the place where the parent company is registered

80
Q

What are most TNCs?

A

assembly industries

81
Q

How much of world financial assets do TNCs own?

A

20%

82
Q

How many people do the top 100 TNCs employ?

A

6 million

83
Q

How much of consumer sales do the top 100 TNCs have?

A

30%

84
Q

Roughly how many TNCs are there worldwide?

A

100,000

85
Q

Who owns Mini?

A

BMW

86
Q

How many suppliers provide parts for the Mini?

A

2500

87
Q

Why are some suppliers for Mini parts from inside the EU?

A

in order to avoid tariffs

88
Q

Where is the Mini’s engine made?

A

in a factory in Brazil that’s part-owned by BMW

89
Q

How do TNCs grow? (2)

A

by their investment decisions and by glocalisation

90
Q

What tends to be a TNCs motive?

A

profit: they control costs of raw materials and production costs and do this by mergers and take-overs in 3 ways

91
Q

What are the 3 ways a TNC can control production and material costs via take-overs and mergers?

A

horizontal integration
vertical integration
economies of scale

92
Q

What is horizontal integration?

A

buying up competition

93
Q

What is vertical integration?

A

controlling and owning every stage of production

94
Q

What are economies of scale?

A

the expansion of production to increase efficiency and reduce unit production costs

95
Q

What are the means of TNC growth? (2)

A

the banks

global capital flows

96
Q

The banks as a means of TNC growth?

A

companies invest overseas as well to boost their market or take advantage of labour/environmental laws

97
Q

Global capital flows as a means of TNC growth?

A

flows of money around the world connect businesses and countries

98
Q

Top 5 countries for investing in 2005 (in order)

A 
USA
UK
Germany
France
Japan
99
Q

Which Indian firms bought how many companies for how much?

A

Hindaleo and Tata Steel
34 companies
$10.7 billion

100
Q

How does mobility make a TNC grow?

A
  • accelerated and cheaper transport

- just in time manufacturing

101
Q

What are the accelerated and cheaper transport options for TNCs? (2)

A

containerisation

cheap flights

102
Q

How does just in time manufacturing make a TNC grow?

A

it provides cheap, fast turn around which enables companies to be faster than their competition

103
Q

What are the social aspects of TNCs in terms of jobs? (3)

A
  • provision of jobs for local workers
  • often better paid than in the local area
  • lack of union membership for workers
104
Q

What are the social aspects of TNCs in terms of culture? (5)

A
  • causes a waking up of the country to the west
  • it can culturally infiltrate
  • everywhere becoming westernised (homogenous)
  • culturally infiltrating
  • harms cultural diffusion
105
Q

What are the social aspects of TNCs in terms of the company itself? (3)

A
  • corporate responsibility
  • can bring health schemes
  • no protection
106
Q

What are the economical aspects of TNCs? (Part 1: 4)

A
  • raised living standards where TNCs invest providing a stimulus
  • integration of global economies
  • profits and investment (movement of capital)
  • economic multiplier effect
107
Q

What are the economical aspects of TNCs? (Part 2: 4)

A
  • even if wages are low, money will be spent, stimulating growth of local services
  • tech transfer is one of the most effective methods of wealth distribution
  • profit repatriation
  • profit returned home
108
Q

Outline Apple as a TNC

A
  • Apple’s HQ is based in Cupertino, North California

- employs 98,000 full-time employees

109
Q

Outline Apple’s overall stats (3)

A
  • 10th largest company
  • 2nd largest IT company
  • 11th largest TNC
110
Q

How has Apple been successful? (4)

A
  • Apple well known for stylish, well-designed products
  • smooth branding + marketing
  • continuous generation of brand-loyal customers
  • sell on numerous platforms
111
Q

Where are Apple’s core products designed?

A

in Silicon Valley, California

112
Q

Where are Apple’s mainstream products produced?

A

in China by a company called Foxconn in Foxconn city

113
Q

Where are the majority of Apple’s sales?

A

in HICs such as America, UK, Australia and Japan

114
Q

How many of Apple’s data centres are based in the US?

A

3 data centres

115
Q

Why did Apple pick China? (3)

A
  • highly skilled but low paid workers -> cheaper
  • creates jobs and brings investment
  • Foxconn city is a high security business park
116
Q

What are the controversies surrounding Apple? (4)

A
  • working conditions
  • health and safety
  • child labour
  • suicides
117
Q

Outline the controversy of working conditions at Foxconn

A

In 2006, 200,000 workers in Shenzen factory worked 60+ hours for $25 a week with enforced overtime being reported

118
Q

Outline the controversy of Health and Safety at Foxconn (2)

A
  • 2010: 50 workers poisoned by chemical
    for screen cleaning.
  • Apple tried reducing costs by no ventilation leading to backlash and being sued
119
Q

Outline the controversy of child labour at Foxconn (4)

A
  • it brings down costs
  • authorities support it
  • people are labelled as interns/trainees
  • often a condition of graduating
120
Q

Outline the controversy of suicides at Foxconn

A

2010: people started killing themselves sometimes in broad daylight

121
Q

How many reported suicide attempts, deaths and talk-downs were there at Foxconn in 2010

A

18 attempts
14 deaths
20 talked down

122
Q

What lured Apple to locate in Ireland?

A

the low corporation tax at 12.5%

123
Q

How many Irish workers does Apple employ?

A

4000 direct workers

2500 indirectly

124
Q

What did Apple attract while in Ireland? (2)

A
  • other high-tech firms

- highly skilled workers

125
Q

What effect has Apple had on the area? (2)

A
  • provided inspiration for local education, research and development
  • contributed to infrastructural improvements
126
Q

What was Apple accused of? (2)

A
  • corporate tax avoidance

- not creating sufficient jobs for local Irish workers

127
Q

How did Apple avoid tax? (2)

A
  • they used subsidiary firms in other countries to declare profits and pay lower tax
  • they had favourable treatment from the government
128
Q

What happened between the US and EU (in relation to Apple)?

A

tension rose and it was realised that taxation systems needed to be updated to accommodate TNCs like Apple

Human Geography (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions