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global systems and governance > global systems > Flashcards

global systems Flashcards

1
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A
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2
Q

What is global systems

A

Organisations, groups or activities which link different parts of the world

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3
Q

What is globalisation

A

Is the integration of countries across the globe

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4
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What is interdependence

A

Where a country relys on another

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5
Q

Why is globalisation increasing

A

-increase in interdependence
-increase in technology (communication)
-increased in trading blocs
-increase in infrastructure

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6
Q

What are the advantages of globalisation for people

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-increase choices
-freedom to travel
-cultural experiences

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7
Q

What is the issues of globalisation

A

-can cause domestic unemployment
-trade can affect uk businesses
-conflict

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8
Q

What is real time communication

A

The process of communication becoming instant “real time” where there is little to no delay

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9
Q

What are the different types of globalisation

A

Economic- flows of goods and capital
Social-spread of people and ideas
Political- spread of government policy’s

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10
Q

What is the KOF index

A

A measure of globalisation which examines economic, social and political factors to designate countries with a score of 1-100. The higher the score the more globalised

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11
Q

What are trade agreements

A

A formal agreement between two or more countries which aim to remove trade barriers or liberalise protectionism. For example nafta or the eu

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12
Q

Financial systems

A

Removal of government barrier to help move money around countries. Has made is easy to purchase goods globally.

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13
Q

Transport in globalisation

A

Improvements in transport has made it faster and cheaper to get around the world. It has also made it cheaper to produce. Containerisation is the process of transporting lots of goods at once via a cargo ship which brings about EOS

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14
Q

Security and globalisation

A

Globalisation increases global security, greater supply chain security will ensure the movement of goods around the world. People will not order goods if they feel they won’t receive them.

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15
Q

Communication globalisation

A

Increase in real time communications from satellite technology and fibre optic cables

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16
Q

What are the flows that occur in globalisation

A

-flows of money/capital
-flows of labour
-flows of products

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17
Q

Flows of labour

A

-immigration
-migration
-NEE to HIC countries

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18
Q

Flows of capital

A

-FDI. Usually from TNCs
-core/ periphery model. Suggested that lower income countries (periphery) have less control than higher income (core) countries.
-repatriation profits. Profits from TNCs back home
-remittance payments. Payments from foreign workers to family back home

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19
Q

Flows of products

A

-reduction in tariffs
-reduction in costs of trade
-transport and times. Containerisation
-regulatory barriers

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20
Q

What is division of labour

A

Where labour is split up into sections where certain people or groups are assigned different tasks to increase productivity.

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21
Q

What is global shift

A

The movement of an industry to different economies. Usually manufacturing industry’s or low payer work which moves from HIC to lower income countries.

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22
Q

Why does global shift occur

A

Because lower income countries can produce at lower costs. Labour is cheaper elsewhere and the same with raw materials.

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23
Q

Why did de-industrialisation lead to global shift

A

Because the manufacturing industry became obsolete in HIC countries so moved elsewhere where goods could be produced cheaper

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24
Q

Detroit

A

Faced consequences of global shift as there was a decline of manufacturing in this area. Global TNCs such as ford were big players in Detroit and provided the majority jobs. In late 20th century these companies moved out as it became cheaper to manufacture elsewhere and it left the area with little employment opportunities. The area faced huge economic disparity following the movement. The population fell by 61% and unemployment rates rose to 8.3%.

25
Q

How does global shift affect domestic firms and areas in HICs

A

It leaves areas such as Detroit rundown and increase unemployment. Increased social immobility in these areas.

26
Q

How do lower income countries benefit from the movement of businesses (global shift)

A

They benefit from more opportunities and their economy will start to grow

27
Q

Negatives of globalisation for Lower income countries

A

-exploitation
-can increase economic inequality
-

28
Q

What are maquiladora plants

A

These are manufacturing warehouses built on the border of Mexico.

29
Q

How did nafta play a role in global shift out of America

A

It allowed American businesses to move to Mexico where it was cheaper to produce. And also allowed for goods to be imported back into the country cheaply and quickly

30
Q

What is neoliberalism

A

The unrestrained free market capitalism. This idea promoted free trade and was popularised in 1980 by Margaret thatcher and Ronald Reagan

31
Q

Positive of neoliberalism

A

-country’s can become more interdependent
-free trade allowed for countries to focus on doing what they are best at (comparative advantage)

32
Q

Who are the world bank and what do they do

A

They are a global organisation set up in 1944 during WW2 to help rebuild Europe and Japan after the war. They lend money to countries to help build their economy and living standards. They provide low interest loans or zero interest loans.

An example of what they do is when they gave India $1.1 billion for solar panels to provide electricity to 1.1 million homes

33
Q

What is the IMF

A

International Monetary Fund, established in 1945 and consists of 183 countries. They provide loans to help regulate and stabilise the financial system globally. They help to prevent economic crisis in countries.

For example a $1.8 billion loan to Greece to help the recession. However this loan has to be repayed at the cost of investment in the country and also the cost of reducing trade barriers.

34
Q

What is the world trade organisation

A

Set up in 1995 to replace the general agreement on tariffs and trade. Deals with global rules of trade and aims to facilitate trade by reducing barriers. Helps to lower trade barriers and open markets.

For example daha in qatar in 2001, reduced imports taxes by 30% so agriculture produce could be traded easier between HICs and LICs

35
Q

what is an EPZ

A

export processing zone. Customs area where one is allowed to import plant, machinery, equipment and material for the manufacture of export goods

36
Q

what is a maquiladora plant

A

an industrial manufacuring warehouses in mexico where tnc companys such as ford make products and export it bakc across the border into the usa

37
Q

what is the golden arches theory

A

a theory in which any country with mcdonalds in will not be in conflict

up until 2008 this theory was true until russia and georgia got into conflict and mcdonalds backed out

38
Q

how does globalisation and free trade prevent conflict

A

it creates interdependence where countrys rely on each other for their products

39
Q

comparative advantage

A

where a country can produce a product at a lower opportunity cost

40
Q

how has globalisation increased civil conflict

A

it has led to tension as global tncs have exploited areas for their resources
for example oil companys in canada and conflict with indigenous people

41
Q

how has globalisation and free trade led to a reduction in civil conflicts

A

has helped to increase FDI into lower income countrys and reduce inequality

42
Q

what is developmentalism

A

where a country develops its domestic markets and industrys before opening up to free trade

43
Q

why is free trade bad for LICS

A

it exploits them and keeps them from becoming rich. top down theory in which richer countrys benefit more.
also seen to increase the gini index and increases inequality as rural areas do not benefit as much

44
Q

why is free trade good for LICS

A

it can increase their economic growth and provides them with opporutnities to focus on their comparative advantages

for example china has seen a rise in their GNI by $8500

45
Q

what is fair trade

A

a strategy used to help the poorest people where they are paid double for their goods

46
Q

why is fair trade not succesful

A

itts associated with higher fees and increased costs of products which are less likely to be purchased in a market

47
Q

what is a tnc

A

a business which has operations in more than one country

48
Q

what is the spatial organisation of tncs

A

they have a HQ based in a major city of their home country and then smaller regional HQS in other higher income countrys.
their branch plants are based in lower income countrys

49
Q

where is common production of tncs

A

in lower income countrys

50
Q

what are the reasons for growth of tncs

A

-cheap labour
-globalisation
-increased transport and technology
-government incentives
-fewer restrictions and free trade

51
Q

evidence of tncs in countrys

A

-increased GNI
-increased employment
-higher investment

52
Q

why do tncs operate in more than one country

A

-to escape trade tariffs
-to find lowest cost production
-to reach new markets
-to exploir resources

53
Q

production of tncs in primary sector

A

will be based wherever their is unexploited resources usually in developing countrys

53
Q

production of tncs in secondary sector

A

will be primarily in developing countrys such as south east and south asia where there is low labour costs and trained workers

54
Q

production of tncs in service sector

A

will be based where there is good education and proximity to their markets

55
Q

vertical integration

A

where a business controls the whole supply chain to benefit from greater EOS

56
Q

horizontal integration

A

where a company diversifys its operations by expanding by a merger or takeover which gives a broader capability at the same stage of production by removing competiton

57
Q

shell in nigeria

A

exploit nigeria for its oil, oil takes up 80% of Nigerian economy and many people do not see the profits from this. people in nigeria do not have access to clean water or electricity and shell do not contribute to the water issue by polluting the waters.

global systems and governance (2 decks)

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