global governance Flashcards
what is global governance
the process of international bodies coming together to discuss world issue by working together on a global level
what are some examples of global issues
-terrorism
-political instability
-war
-poverty
-disease
-climate change
norms
norms are socially accepted behaviour which has become normalised in areas.
what are the 4 main global commons
-high seas
-atmosphere
-space
-antarctica
what is a global common
land or an area which is ruled by no one and is available to everyone
what is the threat to the global commons
exploiting of natural resources which can lead to the eventual destruction of the area and leaving it for no one else to benefit from
tradgedy of the commons
the idea that people act in their own self interest and act independently. resources in commons will get depleted and eventually no one will be able to benefit from the common.
the law of the sea
estabvlished in 1982, sets to ensure people have the right of passage in the seas. countries have territorial waters stretching 12 miles but any area outside this is right to passage.
what group have broken the law of the sea
straits of hormuz, a group sitting on the borders of the red sea passage and destroying ships who try to come through the waters. boats have to travel around the continent instead.
what is the purpose of institutions
institutions are political and legall organisations which exist to pass laws and enforce them.
examples of some world institutions
-world bank
-united nations
-EU
-international monetrary fund
-international criminal court
what are trade blocs
trade blocs are the joining together of countries to promote free trade and liberalise trade barriers between countries.
what is the purpose of global governance
-promote growth (reduce poverty)
-stability (political)
-reduce inequality
-solve injustices
how does growth come about from global govrnance
less developed countries join institutions like the UN in order to get their help and invstment. this helps to reduce issues in their country like poverty or increase availibikity of clean drinking water. in return, higher income countries often set up businesses in these countries to benefit from lower costs.
what are NGO’s
non-governmental organisations. their aim is to provide support and essential services around the globe to the mos needy. for example the red cross provides help to countries after a natural disaster, they draw together people focusing on global issues
operational NGO
provide front line support
advocacy NGO
focus on campaigns to raise awareness to gain support for a cause
how to mitigate the problems of global commons
in 1972 the UN Stockholm conference set down a basis of principles to protect the envrionment and allow sustainable development
what problems do global commons face
-over fishing
-farming
-pollution
-exploitation
-mining
-industrialisation
the outer space treaty
a treaty which set out the principles which governs the activities of states in space. it was developed in 1967 by the UN
what principles does the outer space treaty set out
-all activity must be to benefit all nations
-any country is free to explore
-no claims to space, no one can own it
-weapons of mass destruction are forbidden in orbit
-nations are responsible for their damage
united nations convention on the law of the sea
developed in 1982 which sets out to govern the high sea
antarctic treaty
ensures the protection of the antarctic area
what are the problems of global governance
-difficult to ensure all countries and TNCs comply with rules
-country’s do not have to sign up to anything and are not bound by the laws
-it can also lead to inequalities and injustices, where HICS have more power over LICS
what is the UN
an insitution set up in america which consists of 193 countries across the globe. it promotes international co-operation. established in 1945 with the aim of preventing another conflict by maintaining peace and security.
what is Agenda 21
an action plan agreed by governments in rio de janeiro to develop long term sustainable development. brought together many bodies of power and brought attention to improving peoples lifes and conserving the natural envrionment.
what are MDGS
millenium development goals which are 8 goals set by 170 countries to be achieved by 2015.
what did the MDGS do
they set out to promote human rights acorss the globe such as health, education, shelter and security
what good did MDGs do
malaria fel by 37%, 2.6 billion had access to better drinking water and child mortality halved
what bad did MDGs do
they could not meet any target set by them, it didnt effectively adress global conflicts and not every country signed them
what are SDGs
sustainable development goals, set in 2015 to be achieved by 2030
what do SDGs do
they built on the success of mdgs and aimed to end all poverty, new goals were set to ensure ending poverty must involve strategies that build economic growth and social needs like education
what good do SDGs do
they assist countries in developing and building resilience. considers economic growth and envrionmental sustainability
what is bad about SDGs
hard for every country to join and hard to maintain all members
what is different about MDGs than SDGs
The SDGs put sustainable, inclusive economic development at the core of the strategy, and address the ability of countries to address social challenges largely through improving their own revenue generating capabilities.
what is the UNEP
the united nations environmental programme, made in Stockholm 1972. it sets out to strengthen environmental practises and implement envrionmental obligations. it helps to ensure governments meet envrionmental targets
how do TNCs influence global governance
tncs hold great influential power over govenments. this is because of the amount of money they bring into economies. they are a driver of FDI and there is a race to the bottom for tnc investment.
what are the greatest successes of the UN
-improved access for 2 billion people to improved drinking water
-between 2000 and 2010 mortality rates from malaria fell by 29%
- the number of people dying in conflicts has declined since 1945. Worldwide, fewer people died in conflict in the first decade of the 21st century than any decade of the 20th.
what are the greatest successes of the UN
-genocide of 8000 muslims in Bosnia 1995
-1994 rhwandan genocide
-russia refuse to sign the UN
-money from investment ended up as a huge financial scandal in iraq
what is the world bank
a provider of support for lower income countries to help reduce poverty established in 1944 after WW2
what do the world bank do
they provide low interest or zero interest loans to developing countrys with the aim of improving economies and living standards. for example the bank provided more than 1 billion to build solar panels in india and provide energy for 1 million.
what is bad about the UN, World bank and international monetray fund
they all are a westernised project where higher income countrys are still able to have more power over lower income despite having the aims to reduce the gap.
what is the international monetary fund
this is an organsiation set up in 1945 which regulates financial flows and stabilises the system
what do the international monetary fund do
they provide loans to prevent financial crisis, and regulate money. for example a 1.8 billion loan to greece to help the economy
what is bad about the international monetary fund
america holds significant power over members, in the example of greece, america gave a loan to them in order for them to open up free trade with them and reduce tariffs by 30%.
where is antarctica
located within the antarctic circle below a latitude of 66 degrees. within the southern ocean
how big is antarctica
14 million km2, the 5th biggest continent
where is the southern ocean
below 60 degrees of latitude and is a circumpolar body of water surrounding the antarctic.
what is the antarctic convergence zone
a zone 30-48 km around the atlantic pacific and indian oceans, where cold water from the antacrtic meet warmer water and form areas of mixing and swelling.
why is the antarctic convergence zone important
it provides areas for high marine productivity such as krill which are important for the entire ecosystem
what is the physical geography of antartica
over 93% of the land is ice which sits on an elevated plateau 2500m above sea levels. less than 5 % of land is ice free with average ice being 2000km thick. winds of up to 300km/h.
what is a nunatak
a mountain peak which protrudes out from the ice sheets
what are the threats to antartica
-fishing
-whaling
-climate change
-tourism
why is fishing in antartica bad
fishing has replaced whaling and now sees exploitation of further ecosystem in the area, fro example explotation of krill in the southern ocean
why are krill important
they are the baseline for the foodchain in the ecosystem, everything is dependent on krill
whaling in antartica
whaling was a popular industy for many countries’, however in 1966 whaling decline due to the depleting levels of whales left. many species became endangered
what is the international whaling commission
in 1946 it led to the end of most whaling by 1985, in 1944 it established the southern whale sancuary which was a 50millionkm2 area where all whaling was banend
climate change in antartica
rising temps of 3 degrees in some areas have led to the thinning of the ice sheets in western antarctica. temps on the east side have risen by a smaller amount so less ice loss. there is irrevesible damage and loss of ice sheets once global temps surpass 1.8 degrees warming.
what is happening to the antartic circumpolar current
the current is getting warmer
what are the physical impacts of warming on antartica
-melting of ice and snow
-decline of krill
-ice shelves adding to sea level change
what is the climate like in antartica
very little precipitation and can be known as a polar desert. temps can get as low as -90 but averages -39.
what are katabatic winds
cold dense air from polar plateaus
what is the antarctic treaty
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the twelve nations that had been active during the IGY (Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States and USSR). The Treaty, which applies to the area south of 60° South latitude, is surprisingly short, but remarkably effective. Through this agreement, the countries active in Antarctica consult on the uses of a whole continent, with a commitment that it should not become the scene or object of international discord. In its fourteen articles the Treaty:
who owns Antarctica
no one. however 12 countries claim land there but do not affectivelly have control over it.
what does the Antarctic treaty set out to do
-stipulates that Antarctica should be used exclusively for peaceful purposes
-guarantees continued freedom to conduct scientific research
-prohibits nuclear explosions and the disposal of radioactive waste;
-sets aside the potential for sovereignty disputes between Treaty parties by providing that no activities will enhance or diminish previously asserted positions with respect to territorial claims, provides that no new or enlarged claims can be made, and makes rules relating to jurisdiction;
what are two mountain ranges in antartica
queen elizabeth
quee nalexandra
what is the big ice shelf called
ross ice shelf
what is the antartic circumpolar current
Antarctic Circumpolar Current, wind-driven surface oceanic current encircling Antarctica and flowing from west to east. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current separates the Southern Ocean from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans at 60° S latitude, which roughly coincides with the current’s southern boundary.
Mining in Antarctica
Mining is banned here. This is due to the environmental challenges brought about by it.
Why is there pressure to mine in Antarctica
There is future demand for resources as there is an abundance here
What minerals are found in Antarctica
Zinc
Cobalt
Magnesium
Nickel
Lead
Titanium
Uranium
What problems would mining face in antarctica
It is very hard to reach minerals and deposits are rare
What was attempted in the 70 and 80s (mining)
A few countries came togetehr secretly to try formulate a minerals convention in which mining would be allowed in Antarctica
What was the 1991 Madrid protocol
A protocol set up to prevent mining in Antarctica but proposed mining may go ahead providing it was consistent on sustainability and environmental protection
What did Australia and France object to in 1991
Objected to the minerals convention. It led to the ban of all mining and said the prohibition of mining can only be modified if all partys agrees
Strategies to prevent threats of Antarctica
-Antarctic treaty
-whaling commission
-quotas
-Madrid protocol 1991
-tourism lindblad plan
How does global governance protect Antarctica
It brings together countries to agree that the area must be protected for future use and sustainability. Promotes cooperation to help the global commons and prevent a tragedy.
