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Paper 3 Alevel PE- EVERYTHING > Global sporting events > Flashcards

Global sporting events Flashcards

1
Q
  • Who held the first modern Olympic Games and where?
A
  • In 1896, Baron Pierre de Coubertin established the first modern Olympic Games, held in Athens
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2
Q
  • What are the aims of the games?
A
  • Promote development of the physical and moral qualities of sport
  • Spread Olympic principles, creating international goodwill
  • Bring together athletes of the world every four years
  • Educate young people through sports in a spirit of better understanding between each other and of friendship, thereby helping to build a peaceful world
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3
Q
  • What are the Olympic values?
A
  1. Encourage effort- striving for excellence (determination)
  2. Preserve human dignity- demonstrating respect (courage, inspiration)
  3. Develop harmony- celebrating friendship (equality)
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4
Q
  • What is the British Olympic Association (BOA)?
A
  • Formed in 1905
  • Responsible for planning and execution of GB’s Olympic Team participation in the winter and summer games
  • Responsible for developing in the Olympic movement in the UK
  • Not funded by government, no political interest, dependent on commercial sponsorship and fundraising income
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5
Q
  • What is the International Olympic Committee (IOC)?
A
  • Creates by Paris Congress in 1874
  • Owns all rights to the Olympic symbol and the Olympic Games themselves
  • Administers the Olympic movement and has headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland
  • Members are appointed to the IOC and are responsible for selecting host cities
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6
Q
  • What has the Olympic Games also been used for?
A
  • Political exploitation of the modern Olympic Games
  • used as a tool to make political points, due to their extensive global publicity
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7
Q
  • What is propaganda?
A
  • A type of communication that seek to influence people towards a certain cause and, in this case, a political philosophy
  • The info given as part of this communication is biased towards a certain belief or set of values
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8
Q
  • What does apartheid mean?
A
  • A range of policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation.
  • Apartheid existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1994
  • Under apartheid, non-white South Africans (vast majority of popularity) were forced to live in separate areas from white South Africans and use separate public facilities, and contact between the 2 groups was limited by the law
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9
Q
  • Berlin 1936- Third Reich ideology:
A
  • Games were used by Hitler and the Nazi party as a stage for political propaganda for the Third Reich- an ideology that viewed Germany as a superior ‘empire’.
  • Germsn athletes trained full time, undermining the amateur ideal of the games
  • Hitler refused to place gold medals around Jesse Owens (African-American) after he beat the German athlete Luz Long in the long jump
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10
Q
  • Mexico City 1968- ‘Black Power’ demonstration:
A
  • South African’s invitation to Games was withdrawn because of other countries threatening to boycott the games due to its apartheid regime
  • African-Americans were able to protest to the world when 2 black athletes used a medal ceremony to protest about the lack of civil rights in the USA
  • They raised black-gloved fists- a gesture called the black power salute
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11
Q
  • Munich 1972- Palestinian terrorism:
A
  • A day before Games, Palestinian terrorists entered the Olympic village and seized 1 Israeli athletes
  • The terrorists made a political request to release 234 Palestinians imprisoned in Israel
  • German authorities attempted a rescue, but all hostages and 5 terrorists were killed
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12
Q
  • Moscow 1980- boycott led by the USA:
A
  • December 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, which created a conflict that would last 10 years and extended the Cold War
  • USA boycotted the Games, alongside some British athletes
  • In all, an estimated 4,000 athletes boycotted the Games
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13
Q
  • Los Angeles 1984- boycott led by the Soviet Union:
A
  • In response to the events of the 1980 Games, the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Cuba announced they would boycott the 1984 Games
  • A total of 14 nations refused to take part
  • The Soviet Union blamed the commercialism of the Games and the lack of security measures
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14
Q
  • Hosting global sporting events:
A
  • Many cities bid to host global sporting events (for example the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup).
  • Hosting an event can bring many advantages and disadvantages
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15
Q
  • Advantages of Sporting impact of hosting global sporting event
A
  • Raises profile of sport- may lead to increased participation, e.g. cycling from London 2012
  • New or upgraded venues are built, e.g. Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome, Glasgow 2014
  • The event can focus on minority sports, which may inspire participation, e.g. Boccia and wheelchair rugby
  • There’s increase in funding for sports involved, e.g. 2015 Rugby World Cup
  • Event can bring increased sponsorship and commercial income for individuals and the governing body
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16
Q
  • Disadvantages of sporting impacts of hosting global events:
A
  • 1.4 million more people are playing sport than in 2005, but this increase came in 2 short bursts, after London 2012 winning bid (2005) and around 2012 Games themselves. The current trend is a gradual decline in participation
  • New facilities can end up not being used after the event, e.g. Barcelona 1992
  • Lesser-known non-global sports can suffer, e.g. squash isn’t an Olympic sport and attracts little funding, with participation figures dropping
  • Sportd deviation is likely to be highlighted by media at global events, e.g. hooliganism at the Brazil World Cup in 2014
17
Q
  • Advantages of the social impacts of hosting a global sporting event:
A
  • More money is brought into a city or country, which can be used to benefit the local population
  • Events can give pride to the host nation or city and help with ‘nation-building’
  • There will be improved use of sport facilities by local communities
  • It can improve transport systems
  • Accommodation built for the event can be used by the community, e.g. the Olympic Village built for London 2012 has been used for housing
18
Q
  • Disadvantage of the social impacts of hosting a global event:
A
  • Some areas of the country many not get the same benefits as the host city
  • Some areas of the host country don’t benefit from improved infrastructure and transport
  • Local inhabitants may have to vacate land being used for sports venues, e.g. be re-housed
19
Q
  • Advantages of the economic impact of hosting a global sporting event:
A
  • Increased income leads to positive economic impact. More money is brought to the host city by those who participate or spectate
  • More jobs are created through building of facilities, transport infrastructure and support for the event
  • Increase in tourism and related economic benefits during and after the event
  • Commercial benefits related to goods sold in the area of the event and also in the sale of event-related goods
20
Q
  • Disadvantages of the economic impact of hosting a global sporting event:
A
  • Bidding to host an event can be expensive, e.g. the failed 2018 FIFA World Cup bid, estimated cost £21 million
  • Events can cause an overall economic loss, e.g. the 1976 Montreal Olympics took 30 years to pay off
  • Benefits to employment and long-term jobs are often exaggerated
  • If events or participants are linked with failure, e.g. the Rugby World Cup 2015, it can lead to loss of revenue in merchandising sales
21
Q
  • Advantages of the political impact of hosting a global sporting event:
A
  • Individual political parties and their leaders can gain credit and therefore more votes reflect well if a bid is successful
  • Staging an event can bring unity and a sense of purpose to a country
  • The country or city can be used as a ‘shop window’ for its culture and commerce, and therefore raise its status in the eyes of the world
22
Q
  • Disadvantages of the political impact of hosting a global sporting event:
A
  • If the cost’s too high or over budget, it can be a political disadvantage, losing votes and decreasing economic resources
  • If something goes wrong, e.g. a terrorist attack, politicians have to shoulder responsibility
  • If the host nation does poorly, it can reflect badly on the political party
  • Negative environmental impacts can decrease political popularity
  • If the legacy of the event is negative, this can be politically damaging
  • Protests by athletes or spectators can be embarrassing, e.g. Black Power, Mexico City 1968

Paper 3 Alevel PE- EVERYTHING (6 decks)

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