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Paper 3 Alevel PE- EVERYTHING > Ethics and deviance in sport > Flashcards

Ethics and deviance in sport Flashcards

1
Q
  • Define deviance:
A
  • Unacceptable behaviour within a culture. Any behaviour that differs from the perceived social or legal norm is seen as deviant
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2
Q
  • Define blood-doping:
A
  • Defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as the misuse of techniques and/or substances to increase one’s red blood cell count
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3
Q
  • Describe the process of blood-doping:
A
  • A process that increases a person’s red blood cell (RBC) count
  • More RBCs= higher volumes of haemoglobin
  • Extra O2 can be transported to working muscles
  • Allows higher level of performance
  • Involves the removal of approx 2 pints of blood
  • Blood is then frozen, thawed and re-injected prior to competition
  • Used by endurance athletes, e.g. runners and cyclists
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4
Q
  • What are performance-enhancing drugs?
A
  1. Anabolic steroids: allow athletes to train harder for longer, and often increase strength and aggression
  2. Beta blockers: control heart rate and keep an athlete calm
  3. Stimulants: increase alertness, e.g. amphetamines
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5
Q
  • State other prohibited drugs:
A
  • Narcotic analgesics
  • anabolic agents
  • diuretics
  • Peptide hormones
  • mimetics and analogues
  • substances with anti-oestrogen activity and masking agents
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6
Q
  • State prohibited methods:
A
  • Enhancement of oxygen transfer
  • Blood doping
  • Gene doping
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7
Q
  • Advantages of legal supplements:
A
  • Dietary supplements claim to help build muscles, increase stamina, control weight, etc.
  • Ergogenic aids claim to increase strength, performance and recovery.
  • Creatine supplements can help performance during high-intensity exercise
  • Staying hydrated through drinking of water or energy drinks can improve and aid performance
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8
Q
  • Disadvantages of legal supplements:
A
  • Some supplements may not be what they seem and could contain banned substances or be contaminated
  • Health implications over the long-term use of creatine supplements have been suggested, e.g. effects on the digestive system and increasing the risk of cancer
  • Energy drinks contain high levels of sugar, contributing to obesity and tooth decay
  • Philosophical argument- it’s not in the spirit of fair play
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9
Q
  • What are the reasons why elite performers use doping and illegal drugs?
A
  • Pressure to succeed can affect a performer’s judgement and decision making
  • Pressure from coaches
  • Political pressures- e.g. Russian doping scandal
  • High monetary rewards for winning and lucrative sponsorship deals
  • Some performers think ‘everyone else is doing it’
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10
Q
  • What are the societal consequences of drug taking in sport?
A
  • Society seen as corrupt and full of unethical citizens who will do anything to ‘win at all costs’
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11
Q
  • What are the sporting consequences of drug taking in sport?
A
  • Concept of fair play is severely challenged
  • Cheating
  • Sport becomes ‘tainted’, struggling to gain sponsorship, e.g. cycling- loss of public support
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12
Q
  • What are the performer’s consequences of drug taking in sport?
A
  • Severe dangers to health and well-being
  • Possible death
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13
Q
  • State strategies to stop the use of doping and illegal drugs:
  • *HINT* There’s 5 points
A
  • WADA draws up a list of banned substances- provides assistance to countries’ own anti-doping programmes and funds research
  • Drug testing can be carried out in and out of competitions
  • Drug education can be provided for athletes and coaches
  • A culture of keeping sport free from drug cheats should be created and reinforced
  • Punishments for drug use are to be more rigorous and longer. WADA doubled the ban for longer in 2015
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14
Q
  • Define violence:
A
  • Intense physical force that is directed towards harming another individual or groups of individuals and can cause injury or death
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15
Q
  • Causes of violence in sport (players and spectators):
A
  • Desire to win so overwhelming it leads to violence- importance of result
  • Nature of activity- physical sports like ice hockey
  • Frustration of events
  • Alcohol and social drugs or performance-enhancing drugs
  • Rivalries
  • Media increasing tension
  • Perception of unfairness or poor officiating
  • Deindividuation
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16
Q
  • Define deindividuation:
A
  • When you lose your sense of being an individual; this can cause violent behaviour
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17
Q
  • Societal implications of violence in sport:
A
  • If violence is to be tackled in sport, then violent behaviour in society should also be tackled. Sport is often a reflection of society
  • Spectators relish violence in sports such as boxing. Should a sporting action on the field of play be treated the same as a violent act on the streets?
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18
Q
  • Sporting implications of violence in sport:
A
  • Governing bodies have their own disciplinary processes to ensure standards and maintain non- violent behaviour
  • Playing strategies that promote violence should be punished
  • Rule changes should be adopted to make violence less likely
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19
Q
  • Performer’s implications of violence in sport:
A
  • Education of performers is important; performers are responsible for their individual actions and fair play at all times
  • Performers need to be aware that they are role models and their behaviour is likely to be copied
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20
Q
  • Strategies to prevent violence in relation to players and spectators:
A
  • Education of performers, encouraging awareness of their emotions and stress levels
  • Punishments at the time: fines, bans, docking points
  • Encouraging coaches to promote assertion rather than aggression in players
  • Law enforcement (in spectator violence)- banning orders have been served in football
  • Sophisticated policing methods, CCTV, etc
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21
Q
  • Define match fixing:
A
  • When a sports competition is played to a completely or partly pre-determined result
  • This is against the law
  • Match fixing requires contacts to be made between corrupt players, coaches and team officials
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22
Q
  • Gambling in sport:
A
  • Gambling isn’t an example of deviant behaviour, as it’s legal in the UK
  • Sport lends itself to gambling because the outcomes of events are supposed to be unpredictable and there’s an element of chance in most competitions
  • Gambling is big business
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23
Q
  • State examples illegal sports betting:
A
  • Match fixing
  • Bribery
  • illegal sports betting
  • They’re all designed to make individuals and illicit organisations a great deal of money
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24
Q
  • Define spectatorship:
A
  • The act of watching something without taking part; often related to sports spectators
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25
Q
  • Define sponsorship:
A
  • (In sport): to support an event, activity or person related to sports by providing money or goods
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26
Q
  • Factors leading to the commercialisation of contemporary physical activity and sport:
  • *HINT* There’s 5 of them
A
  • Growing public interest and spectatorship: More people now play sport at least once a week. There has also been growth in the numbers that spectate. The greater the spectatorship the money is attracted to sports
  • More media interest: Events are televised, leading to companies wanting to sponsor events and their participants
  • Professionalism: Sporting professionals are now likely to attract sponsorship from commercial organisations
  • Advertising: Sports present opportunities to sell more goods and can be used as a ‘billboard’. In return, the sport concerned is promoted, which can improve participation rates
  • Sponsorship: Sponsorship leads to increased publicity and sales for the sponsor and provides free clothing/equipment or financial support for the performer. For example: Andy Murray has a sponsorship deal to wear a particular brand of clothing
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27
Q
  • Positive impacts of the commercialism of physical and sport in individual sports:
A
  • Sports can promote themselves, attracting more participants or spectators, which can lead to increased revenue
  • More money for sports can mean more facilities can be built and development takes places
  • Commerical investment into sports can develop all areas from grassroots to international teams
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28
Q
  • Negative impacts of the commercialisation of physical activity and sport in individual sports:
A
  • Less popular sports attract less sponsorship and therefore are unable to develop as much as others
  • Female and disabled events may lose out on commercial investment, as they are less popular and therefore attract less media exposure for a potential sponsor
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29
Q
  • Positive impacts of the commercialisation of physical activity and sport in society:
A
  • In the UK we hold the view that sport is about fair competition and everyone has an equal chance to partipate and win
  • Sponsorship supports this deal, in that it can help to support training and competition
30
Q
  • Negative impacts of the commercialisation of physical activity and sport in society:
A
  • Attracting sponsorship can depend on a number of factors
  • Some sportspeople are more ‘marketable’ than others
  • This is a reflection of our society in that success can be based on factors other than talent and ability
31
Q
  • Positive impacts of the commercialisation of physical activity and sport in performers:
A
  • Performers can receive kit and equipment from companies wishing to promote their products
  • Commerical organisations can fund athletes’ accommodation and travel
  • Athletes can spend more time training and competing, rather than having to go work
32
Q
  • Negative impacts of the commercialisation of physical activity and sport in performers:
A
  • Pressure to performer well to secure and keep sponsorship deals
  • Pressure to win could lead to deviant behaviour
  • Companies can demand a great deal of a performer’s time to promote their products
  • Performers may find they have little control over their careers, with sponsors demanding they enter specific tournaments
33
Q
  • Positive impacts of the commercialisation of physical activity and sport in spectators:
A
  • A commercially supported event can provide a more exciting spectacle and additional entertainment
  • Giant video screens and play-back technology provide more info
  • Due to commercial investment, there are more competitions in some sports, increasing accessibility for a greater range of spectators
34
Q
  • Negative impacts of the commercialisation if physical activity and sport in spectators:
A
  • Actual sporting action can take second place to advertisements for goods
  • At live events, advertising can be overwhelming and may spoil enjoyment
  • Spectators may not agree with a particular company’s ethics, e.g. does alcohol advertising have a place in sport?
  • Spectators may not want their team to be associated with particular brands
  • The cost to watch sport is high; commercialisation can be seen as doing little to make spectatorship more affordable
35
Q
  • How is sport covered by the media today?
A
  • Coverage of sport is extensive and different types of media make it accessible to many people
  • Television- terrestrial, satellite, pay-per- view
  • Printed press- newspapers, magazines
  • Radio- local and national stations, dedicated sports stations
  • The internet
  • Social media
  • Cinema
36
Q
  • Reasons for changes since the 1980s:
A
  • In 1980s, media coverage was different from how it is today.
  • Sports presenters were generally male and very little attention was paid to female sport
  • Football hooliganism was rife and often the media were dominated by reports of the negative behaviour of sports spectators
  • Changes occurred with the intro of satellite TV in the 1990s. Sky spent money on securing the rights to prominent football events. Other companies have now followed suit to show other sporting events
37
Q
  • What is media like today?
A
  • Now, different types of media are available to most people.
  • Media coverage is more global; events are recorded or streamed online
  • Many different sports are now accessible, although minority, female and disabled sports are underrepresented
38
Q
  • Positive effects of the media on sport- performer:
A
  • Can raise the profile of a performer
  • Can help develop a performer’s career
39
Q
  • Negative effects of the media on sport- performer:
A
  • Can highlight and promote sensational news, which can increase pressure to perform
40
Q
  • Positive effects of the media on sport- individual sports:
A
  • Can raise profile of the sport
  • Can boost participation number, e.g. Wimbledon
  • Can increase financial revenues, in terms of sponsorship and funding for sports events and facilities
  • Can attract more funds for international teams
  • Can give more coverage to minority sports and disability sports, e.g. Paralympics
41
Q
  • Negative effects of the media on sport- individual sports:
A
  • Can highlight negative aspects of sport, e.g. hooliganism in football
42
Q
  • Positive effects of the media on sport- spectators:
A
  • Increases number of people watching
  • Rules have been influenced to make sports more accessible to wider audience
  • Different types of media are available 24/7 and sport is broadcasted live all over the world
43
Q
  • Negative effects of the media on sport- spectators:
A
  • Can provide negative coverage- possibly promoting hooliganism and unrest among some countries, e.g. England v Germany (football)
  • Cost of subscriptions to satellite TV can be prohibitive
44
Q
  • Describe the golden triangle:
A
45
Q
  • Define the golden triangle:
A
  • The interdependence and influences of 3 factors of sport, sponsorship and the media- each aspect influences the others
46
Q
  • What is UK Sport?
A
  • An organisation whose aim is the development of the UK’s sportsmen and sportswomen
  • It’s funded jointly by the government and the National Lottery
47
Q
  • How does the UK Sport organisation develop elite athletes?
A
  1. Identifying potential talent in sport
  2. supporting an athlete’s lifestyle
  3. Supporting an athlete’s coaching
  4. Supporting, through research, sports science and sports medicine, via the English Institute of Sport
  5. Providing a World Class Programme or pathway to success:
  • podium: athletes with realistic medal-winning capabilities at the next Olympic or Paralympic Games (i.e. max 4 years from podium)
  • podium potential: athletes whose performance suggests that they have realistic medal-winning capabilities at the subsequent Olympic of Paralympic Games (i.e. max 8 years from podium)
48
Q
  • What is phase 1 in identifying potential talent in sport?
A
  • Testing phases 1,2,3
  • Phase 1: a range of generic physical and skill-based tests- includes an in-depth analysis of each athlete’s training and competition history
49
Q
  • What are phases 2-3 in identifying potential talent in sport?
A
  • Phases 2-3 : tests in functional movement screening, medical screening, performance lifestyle workshops and psychology and behavioural assessments
50
Q
  • What is the confirmation phase in identifying potential talent in sport?
A
  • Confirmation phase: selecting athletes embark in a 6-12 month confirmation phase during which they are immersed in the sport’s training environment
  • Unsuccessful athletes are provided with opportunities to continue the sport through the club system
51
Q
  • What is #DiscoverYourGold in identifying potential talent in sport?
A
  • # DiscoverYourGold: over 20 sports are involved in this partnership between UK Sport, the English Institute of Sport (EIS) and a range of national governing bodies, targeting 15-24 year olds to be fast-tracked into the world of high performance sport
52
Q
  • What is the main role of UK Sport in developing elite sport?
A
  • To invest National Lottery funds and income from central government to maximise performance of UK athletes in the Olympic and Paralympic Games and global sporting events- success is measured by amount of medals won and the number of medalists developed
53
Q
  • What 2 ways does UK Sport invest 70% of its income:
A
  1. To the national governing bodies (NGBs), enabling them to operate a World Class Programme
  2. Funding athletes directly through the Athlete Performance Award
54
Q
  • What is the role of the National Institute of Sport in developing elite sport?
A
  • Provide sports science and technological help to elite sportsmen and women
  • Work with coaches and sports administrators to help improve the performance of their athletes
  • Give technical support that enables athletes and coaches to optimise their training programmes, maximise competition and improve their health and availability to train
55
Q
  • What is the English Institute of Sport (EIS) involved in?
A
  • Performance pathways
  • Performance psychology
  • Biomechanics
  • Performance analysis
  • Physiology
  • Performance nutrition
  • Performance lifestyle
  • Research and innovation
  • Physiotherapy and soft tissue therapy
  • Medical
  • Paralympic
  • Strength and conditioning
56
Q
  • The role of schools contributing to elite sport success:
A
  • These provide PE for all young people and often extra-curricular activities and clubs for those who are keen to participate or who might excel in a particular sport
  • The government supplies schools with funds to support school sport and the development of elite sports performers
  • FA, ECB (England and Wales Cricket Board), RFU, LTA and Premier League send coaches to primary schools to improve sports provision
57
Q
  • The role of schools and colleges in contributing to elite sport success:
A
  • Schools and colleges offer qualifications in sports at GCSE and A Level. All these have sports performance as part of the qualification
  • Schools and colleges often run sports teams, playing fixtures. This helps to develop sports talent in the UK
  • Advanced Level Apprenticeships in Sporing Excellence (AASE) offer a structured training and development route across a number of sports for talented young athletes (16-19 years)
58
Q
  • The role of clubs contributing to elite sport success:
A
  • Sports clubs are often in leagues or national competitions, which enable those with talent to gain competitive experience
  • Sports clubs nurture and encourage talent, often giving financial concessions and providing coaching and guidance to develop sports performers
59
Q
  • The role of universities contributing to elite sport success:
A
  • Most higher education (HE) institutions offer university sports scholarships or bursaries. This enables access to special support services
  • Many top sports facilities are located at universities, so HE is increasingly involved in the development of sporting excellence in the UK
  • The Talented Athletes Scholarship Scheme (TASS), and in Scotland the Winning Students Scheme (WSS) are both government-funded sport programmed, delivered through a partnership between universities and NGBs
  • Some universities host centres of sporting excellence, which can be linked to a National Sports Institute
60
Q
  • what can drop-out and failure in elite sport be a result of?
A
  • Poor performances
  • injury
  • pressures from outside sport e.g. family commitments
  • Pressure from media
  • stress relating to financial impact of training
  • travelling
  • competing
  • fulfilling commitments outside of sport
61
Q
  • What does the programmes run by UK Sport include?
A
  • Includes a lifestyle component that attempts to help the athletes cope with the pressure and demands of elite sport
  • ‘Lifestyle’ is available to all athletes in World Class Programmes
  • Training advisers at the EIS give athletes the necessary skills to cope with the special demands of being an elite performer and to prepare them for life after sport
62
Q
  • How can modern technology be useful?
A
  • When assessing whether someone has the potential to be an athlete, e.g. assessing bone density and internal body fat
  • Health screening devices
  • prosthetic devices developed for athletes who have lost a lower limb, e.g. Springlite
  • wheelchair devices with slanted back wheels allowing tennis players to move across the court quickly
  • Improved access to buildings, e.g. specialist hoists at swimming pools
  • rehabilitation and elite training facilities with state of the art equipment
  • different simulated competitive environments, e.g, surf simulators
  • improved sports surfaces and artificial lighting
  • provision of equipment for elite athletes
  • use of composite material in rackets and protective gear, making them lighter
  • improvement in the design of trainers/sports footwear
  • development of hypoxic chambers
  • precision hydration techniques
  • more effective physiological laboratory testing for athletes
  • gait analysis in runners to help avoid injury
  • heart rate monitors and GPS watches helping on monitor activity and monitor performance
63
Q
  • What is a hypoxic chamber?
A
  • A sealed room that simulates high altitude
64
Q
  • What is precision hydration?
A
  • The monitoring of sodium loss during sweating leading to more effective replacement in the body of essential salts
65
Q
  • Drawbacks for sport with increased use of modern technology:
A
  1. Cost of equipment and facilities:
  • Equipment is expensive and had led to inequality for both elite and recreational performers
  • In developing countries, the expense of sophisticated equipment and facilities is prohibitive
  1. Range of alternatives to physical activity and sport:
    * Computers, game consoles, etc. Can make people sedentary and less likely to take part in sport
66
Q
  • What are fair outcomes?
A
  • Modern technology has had an influence on producing fair results or outcomes in important competitions
67
Q
  • Advantages and examples of fair outcomes:
A
  • Most professional sports use instant replay to help officials make the right decisions
  • Rugby uses video-replay systems to check referees’ decision
  • Basketball referees use video-replay systems to make sure players are shooting within the allotted time
  • In international cricket, the 3rd umpire sits off the ground with access to video replays of, for example, disputed catches; the umpires on the field communicate via wireless technology
  • Hawk-eye = name of a computer system and camera system which records a ball trajectory; used in tennis and cricket. Goal-line decisions in football are being trialled
  • Improved detection of doping
  • Improved detection of foul play
  • Better timing devices are available
68
Q
  • Disadvantage of fair outcomes:
A
  • Many sports officials report feeling under pressure to use the technology more, rather than making their own decisions
  • Enables the media to highlight an official’s mistake during a sports competition, which can lead to judgement from the public and high levels of anxiety for the official
  • Advances in genetic technology are relevant to doping in sport. Gene therapy is being developed, with the potential for this to affect athletic performance
  • Performance-enhancing drug detecting technology can’t keep up with new drug development
  • Access to modern technology can be limited
69
Q
  • What can modern technology do with entertainment?
A
  • Enhance or hinder the enjoyment of sport
70
Q
  • Advantages- entertainment:
A
  • Modern technology has increased entertainment through the use of action-replays and slow-motion playback
  • During live sports events, giant screens show the action and also replays
  • Multiple camera angles show spectators to enjoy every aspect of performance, and see whether officiating decisions are correct
71
Q
  • Disadvantages- entertainment:
A
  • Performance is analysed at intervals by pundits, using motion-capture analysis
  • Constant interruptions can interfere with the flow of an event and can irritate viewers
  • It could potentially reduce the number of people attending live sports events

Paper 3 Alevel PE- EVERYTHING (6 decks)

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