Global perspectives Flashcards
citizenship rights
relationship between an individual and a state to which the individual owes allegiance and in turn is entitled to its protection
civil rights
necessary for individual freedom e.g. freedom of speech, freedom of movement, the right to own property
land rights
The struggle for Indigenous people for the legal and moral recognition of prior land ownership and associated rights.
Sovereignty
The legal recognition of ownership of land and territory. Implicit in the concept is the right to self-government.
treaty rights of Indigenous peoples
Article 37:Indigenous peoples have the right to recognize, enforce, and respect Treaties, Agreements, and Constructive Arrangements.
What are international declarations, agreements and covenants that address Indigenous human rights and social justice
- United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
- United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
- Universal Declaration on Human Rights
What issues does United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigneous Issues
address
Economic
Social
Developmental
Cultural
Environment
Education
Health
Indicators of socioeconomic status (social)
education level
- health
- contact with the criminal justice system
-employment/unemployment level
- a type of occupation/job
- housing
- access to services water, sewerage etc.
indicators of socioeconomic status (economic)
- income, salary, wages
- level of dependency on welfare payments
- home ownership
- asset level.
What is the average income for Canada’s Aboriginal people vs non _Indigenous people
Average income in 2015 for Canada’s total non-Indigenous population was $46,449,
The average income for the total Indigenous population was $36,748
Education level Canada
- 29 % of the non-Indigenous population between 25 and 64 years of age had attained a university degree by 2016 -11 % of Indigenous people had achieved this level of education
Housing in Canada
In 2016, the proportion of Indigenous dwellings requiring major repairs was 19%,
Compared to 6% for the non-Indigenous population.
2 international documents address Indigenous human rights and social justice
1)United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
2)United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Employment: General population vs Indigenous peoples
Employment was at 81.6 %for the non-Indigenous population compared to 65.8% for the total Indigenous population
Health- Indigenous Australians (smoking)
In 2016 44% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 15 and over described themselves as current smoker
Health- Indigenous Australians (smoking)
Smoking rates for Indigenous peoples is 2.6x higher than it is for non-Indigenous people
Health- Indigenous Australians (mortality rates)
80% of the mortality gap between Indigenous and other Australians aged 35–74 years is due to chronic diseases
Health- Indigenous Australians (babies)
In 2020 11% of live-born singleton babies were an unhealthy birthweight in comparison to 6% of non-Indigenous babies
Health- Indigenous Australians (suicide rates)
suicide among Indigenous Australians is twice the rate of non-Indigenous Australians
Employment- Indigenous Australians
10% of the Indigenous population aged 15-64 are unemployed compared to 4% of the non-Indigenous population
Menindee- Education
3.4% Indigenous population completed bachelor degree level and above compared to 8.7% of the general population.
Effects of racism on social justice and human rights
- High incarceration
-Reduces self-esteem ad confidence - Employment opportunities
-Reduces identity as an Australian/ Canada - Feeling unaccepted by non–Indigenous population
-Institutional racism
Manifestations of racism
- Individual
- Overt
-Covert - Institutional
- Cultural
Definition of Individual racism
When racist beliefs are displayed one-on-one
Definition of overt racism
When the racism is visible and obvious. It might be direct behavior or discriminatory acts – it is easy to detect.
Definition of covert racism
When racism is concealed. Subtle racially discriminatory acts – easily hidden
Definition of institutionalised racism
Building racist beliefs or values into the operations of social institutions to discriminate against, control and oppress various minority groups.
Definition of cultural racism
Can be over/covert
Australian government initiatives addressing racism
- Racism No Way
- Racism It Stops with me
Canadian government initiatives addressing racism
The Anti-Racism Action Program
Aboriginal initiatives to improve their legal and political status
- NAIDOC Week
- Aboriginal Tent embassy
-AIATSIS
Government policies, legislation and inquiries on improving social justice and human rights of Aboriginals
- Northern Territory Intervention
- Native title Act
- Closing the Gap
What section of the constitution allowed the government to exclude Australian Indigenous people
Section 51
Human Rights
Human rights are those possessed by individuals. They are universal (possessed by all human beings) and are inalienable (they cannot be overridden by public interest).
Social Justice
A principle that favours measures aimed at addressing inequities. It includes the rights of people to economic and social independence, and empowerment to determine the direction of their own lives’ futures. The processes and systems which shape the interaction between people, communities and governments determine the degree of social justice achieved.
International Declaration
Not legally enforceable, but carries significant political weight
International Agreement
- Not all are legally binding
-Can be treaties, protocols, memoranda of understanding (MOUs) or exchanges of letters.
-Some may have legally binding elements
International Covenant
-Formal and legally binding agreement between two or more sovereign states or international organisations.
-Governed by international law
-Typically require ratification
What countries were against signing UNDRIP
Australia, Canada, New Zealand America
Insitutional racism-over policing
- Aboriginal children are 18 times more likely than non-Aboriginal children to be targeted by police on a secret watchlist
Impact of the NSW Police Suspect Target Management Program
- violation of the right to not be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile
- Greater chance of children being put into the Cj system
Impact Northern Territory Intervention
- 50% of welfare payments spent on essentials
- Alcohol bans
- Punishing families if students don’t go to school
How did excluding Aboriginal people from the constitution impact human rights
-Violating citizenship/political rights
How did the Stolen Generations/ Canadian residential schools impact HR
-Freedom of movement and residence
- Freedom of religion
How did segregation of swimming pools impact HR
Right to leisure
Institutionalised Health Care
- Unequal payment of doctors who treat Aboriginal patients ($100,000 less)
-Underfunding of Aboriginal Health Services
One off Indigenous response to improve legal and political status
- Wave Hill Walk Off
Yearly Indigenous response to improve legal and political status
National Sorry Day
Aims of National Sorry Day
- Acknowledges the strength and struggle of the Stolen Generations
Impact of National Sorry Day
- National Sorry Day aims to enable people to address their personal distress, overcome trauma, and live well.
-It hopes to address the significant burden of health, wellbeing, and social and economic deficits inflicted by the Stolen Generations.
Ongoing Indigenous response to improve legal and political status
Aboriginal Legal Service
Aims of the Aboriginal Legal Service
- Work to deliver quality and culturally appropriate legal services for Indigenous peoples
-Social justice and equity for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, families and communities
Impact of the Aboriginal Legal Service
-Deliver free, culturally appropriate legal advice, representation, information and referrals for thousands of people each year.
-Ensuring Indigenous people are properly represented
Example of International initiatives to improve social and political status
Canada creation of Nunavut
Aims of the creation of Nunavut
-Inuit People negotiated, organised, petitioned and protested for the right to create Nunavut
-For Inuit people to assert their right of self government within the Canadian system
Impact of the creation of Nunavut
- To exercise their legal and political wishes.
Government policies, legislation and inquiries on improving the social justice and human rights of Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples
-Closing the Gap
-2007 Northern Territory Intervention
Candian government policies, legislation and inquiries on improving the social justice and human rights of Aboriginal and other Indigenous peoples
The Anti-Racism Action Program
Aims of the Anti-Racism Action Program
- Intended to help address barriers to employment, justice and social participation among Indigenous Peoples, racialized communities and religious minorities.
Aboriginal responses and initiatives to improve their legal and political status, including political struggle and protest
