Global Perspective to ENT, Ophalmic and Neurological Conditions

Question 1

What are some determinants of health?

Answer 1

Social and economic factors (40%)

Health behaviours (30%)

Clinical care (10%)

Physical environment (10%)

Genes and biology (10%)

Question 2

What are some non-medical issues relating to health throughout the world?

Answer 2

Clean water access

Vitamin deficiency

Question 3

What economical background are more likely to have their life shortened by disease?

Answer 3

Low income background

Question 4

What percentage of global visual impairment occurs in a low income setting?

Answer 4

90%

Question 5

What percentage of visual impairment can be prevented or cured?

Answer 5

80%

Question 6

What are some different causes of visual impairment?

Answer 6

Cataract (39%)

Refractive error (18%)

Glaucoma (10%)

Corneal opacity/scarring

Trachoma

River blindness (onchocerciasis)

Childhood blindness

Eye trauma

Question 7

What is cataract?

Answer 7

Clouding of the lens that leads to decreased vision

Question 8

What is the leading cause of blindness?

Answer 8

Cataract

Question 9

What increases the risk of cataract?

Answer 9

UV exposure

Question 10

What is the leading cause of visual impairment?

Answer 10

Refractive error

Question 11

What is refractive error?

Answer 11

Shape of eye means light cannot focus on the retina

Question 12

What is glaucoma?

Answer 12

Build up of pressure inside the eye causes damage to the optic nerve

Question 13

What is glaucoma treatable with?

Answer 13

Lifelong eyedrops

Question 14

What is trachoma?

Answer 14

Bacterial infection due to face-washing with dirty water, sharing linen and flies

Question 15

What does trachoma lead to?

Answer 15

Granulation of inner eyelid

Question 16

What is the treatment for trachoma?

Answer 16

Surgery

Antibiotics

Facewashing

Environment

(SAFE)

Question 17

What is river blindness also known as?

Answer 17

Onchocerciasis

Question 18

What is onchoceriacis transmitted by?

Answer 18

Blackflies

Question 19

What is the pathology of river blindess?

Answer 19

Blackfly larvae causes eye lesions, inflammation and scarring

Question 20

What is the treatmet for river blindness?

Answer 20

Annual dose of Ivermactine

Question 21

Where does most childhood blindness occur?

Answer 21

75% in Africa/Asia

Question 22

What can avoidable blindness be avoided with?

Answer 22

Hygiene, sanitation, clean water

Improved access to eye care

Improved nutrition

Question 23

What is disabling hearing loss?

Answer 23

Hearing loss greater than 40dB in adults

Question 24

What percentage of the population has disabling hearing loss?

Answer 24

5%

Question 25

Where do the majority of people with disabling hearing loss live?

Answer 25

S Africa SE Asia Asia pacific

Question 26

What are congenital causes of disabling hearing loss?

Answer 26

Maternal infection (rubella, syphilis) Birth asphyxia

Question 27

What are acquired causes of disabling hearing loss?

Answer 27

Infections Trauma Excess noise

Question 28

What are the consequences of hearing loss?

Answer 28

Inability to communicate (social isolation) Effect on academic performance and prospects

Question 29

What are some strategies for tackling hearing loss?

Answer 29

Immunisation (measles, mumps, rebella, meningitis) Antenatal care Education Hygiene and clean water Health and safety legislation regarding PPE/noise Early detection and intervention Social support Simples aids

Question 30

Why are non-communicable diseases (neurological diseases) increasing globally?

Answer 30

Due to changing lifestyles

Question 31

Ranked, what cause of global death is stroke?

Answer 31

2nd

Question 32

What are examples of neurological diseases?

Answer 32

Haemorrhage stroke (35.7%) Ischaemic stroke (22.4%) Migraine (12.7%) Epilepsy (9.9%)

Question 33

Ranked, what cause of death is trauma?

Answer 33

9th, but is expected to become 2nd by 2020

Question 34

What percentage of neurological conditions occur in low and middle income people?

Answer 34

More than 90%

Question 35

What is the leading cause of truma death?

Answer 35

Head injury

Question 36

What makes surgical intervention difficult in poor areas?

Answer 36

Limited ENT and anaesthesia services and equipment