Global Perspective to ENT, Ophalmic and Neurological Conditions Flashcards
What are some determinants of health?
Social and economic factors (40%)
Health behaviours (30%)
Clinical care (10%)
Physical environment (10%)
Genes and biology (10%)
What are some non-medical issues relating to health throughout the world?
Clean water access
Vitamin deficiency
What economical background are more likely to have their life shortened by disease?
Low income background
What percentage of global visual impairment occurs in a low income setting?
90%
What percentage of visual impairment can be prevented or cured?
80%
What are some different causes of visual impairment?
Cataract (39%)
Refractive error (18%)
Glaucoma (10%)
Corneal opacity/scarring
Trachoma
River blindness (onchocerciasis)
Childhood blindness
Eye trauma
What is cataract?
Clouding of the lens that leads to decreased vision
What is the leading cause of blindness?
Cataract
What increases the risk of cataract?
UV exposure
What is the leading cause of visual impairment?
Refractive error
What is refractive error?
Shape of eye means light cannot focus on the retina
What is glaucoma?
Build up of pressure inside the eye causes damage to the optic nerve
What is glaucoma treatable with?
Lifelong eyedrops
What is trachoma?
Bacterial infection due to face-washing with dirty water, sharing linen and flies
What does trachoma lead to?
Granulation of inner eyelid
What is the treatment for trachoma?
Surgery
Antibiotics
Facewashing
Environment
(SAFE)
What is river blindness also known as?
Onchocerciasis
What is onchoceriacis transmitted by?
Blackflies
What is the pathology of river blindess?
Blackfly larvae causes eye lesions, inflammation and scarring
What is the treatmet for river blindness?
Annual dose of Ivermactine
Where does most childhood blindness occur?
75% in Africa/Asia
What can avoidable blindness be avoided with?
Hygiene, sanitation, clean water
Improved access to eye care
Improved nutrition
What is disabling hearing loss?
Hearing loss greater than 40dB in adults
What percentage of the population has disabling hearing loss?
5%
Where do the majority of people with disabling hearing loss live?
S Africa
SE Asia
Asia pacific
What are congenital causes of disabling hearing loss?
Maternal infection (rubella, syphilis)
Birth asphyxia
What are acquired causes of disabling hearing loss?
Infections
Trauma
Excess noise
What are the consequences of hearing loss?
Inability to communicate (social isolation)
Effect on academic performance and prospects
What are some strategies for tackling hearing loss?
Immunisation (measles, mumps, rebella, meningitis)
Antenatal care
Education
Hygiene and clean water
Health and safety legislation regarding PPE/noise
Early detection and intervention
Social support
Simples aids
Why are non-communicable diseases (neurological diseases) increasing globally?
Due to changing lifestyles
Ranked, what cause of global death is stroke?
2nd
What are examples of neurological diseases?
Haemorrhage stroke (35.7%)
Ischaemic stroke (22.4%)
Migraine (12.7%)
Epilepsy (9.9%)
Ranked, what cause of death is trauma?
9th, but is expected to become 2nd by 2020
What percentage of neurological conditions occur in low and middle income people?
More than 90%
What is the leading cause of truma death?
Head injury
What makes surgical intervention difficult in poor areas?
Limited ENT and anaesthesia services and equipment
