Global Migration

Question 1

What is one EDC?

Answer 1

China

Question 2

What is one AC

Answer 2

USA

Question 3

What is one LIDC?

Answer 3

Nigeria

Question 4

Why did China’s economic development flourish after 2000

Answer 4

Entered the World Trade Organisation in 2001 which boosted it’s export led manufacturing and the domestic demand for labour - international migration increased both in/out of the country

Question 5

How many Chinese citizens have passports in 2010 compared to 2019

Answer 5

2% to 15%

Question 6

How many Chinese higher education students went abroad in 2019

Answer 6

More than 70,000

Question 7

How many Nigerians immigrated to China?

Answer 7

1/2 million

Question 8

How many traders are in the Guangzhou region?

Answer 8

200,000

Question 9

How many days does it take to get a visa from Africa to China (easy access)

Answer 9

4 days

Question 10

How much is China’s foreign investment in Africa and why?

Answer 10

$43.3bn for soft power purposes and to build trade links

Question 11

How many Chinese citizens move to Australia and what visa do they use?

Answer 11

1.2 million with the significant investor visa

Question 12

What happened in 1949 in China and what effect did it have on migration?

Answer 12

The establishment of the People’s Republic of China which caused a strict control on migration - people were only allowed to travel to other Soviet Union countries

Question 13

What happened in 1979 in China?

Answer 13

More relaxed policies about migration with a partially opened economy

Question 14

What happened in 2012 in China?

Answer 14

The creation of the Entry-Exit law which control migration and attempted to crack down on irregular migration

Question 15

What is the Belt and Road Initiative and when was it created?

Answer 15

2013, it is a global infrastructure development strategy, investing in more than 150 countries and international organisations

Question 16

What are the aims of the BRI?

Answer 16

To make it easier for the world to trade with China as it creates an economic belt (6 corridors, new routes to transport goods in/out of China) and a maritime silk road (chain of seaports stretching from South China Sea to Africa)

Question 17

What is China’s one main condition and how does it differs from the west?

Answer 17

Chinese construction workers have to be used, differs as there is no strict moral regulations

Question 18

Angolan Independence opportunity for China

Answer 18

40% Angolan exports go to China, China benifitted Angola after conflict after sending over workers to fill labour gap, China gains access to resources - Oil loan schemes in Angola

Question 19

Economic opportunites for China (Nigeria and Students)

Answer 19

Nigeria - new trade e.g. technology in Guangzhou
Students - brain gain and more skilled workers/jobs

Question 20

Social opportunities for China

Answer 20

Women - irregular migration eases social unrest (China has 20million excess men)

Question 21

Political opportunities for China? (Nigeria and Students)

Answer 21

Nigeria - soft politics, African history/figures taught in education systems (Chinese New year celebrated over there as well) - China wants African resources
Students - soft politics, students return home with a knowledge of Chinese culture

Question 22

Economic challenges for China?

Answer 22

Low wage for migrant workers - less remittance/tax, although good for bosses pockets and potentially better than at home country

Question 23

Social challenge for China?

Answer 23

Emigration - richer Chinese population leave due to air pollution (Significant Investor Visa, mostly to Australia) which heightens social inequality/divide

Question 24

Political challenges for China?

Answer 24

Bad global reputation of China - not stopping irregular migration e.g. from Myanmar (human rights issues) as it provides opportunities

Question 25

How many in the USA are migrants?

Answer 25

1 out of 7

Question 26

How big is the Mexican diaspora in the US? And what is the percentage living in California?

Answer 26

37.7million disapora and 37% live in California

Question 27

How many undocumented migrants are there in the USA?

Answer 27

10.5 million

Question 28

What percentage of US emigrants go to Canada?

Answer 28

40%

Question 29

How much was spent on the USA's border policy in 2019?

Answer 29

$4.9bn

Question 30

How many border control agents were there in 2019 and what is the problem?

Answer 30

22,000 and are unable to manage vast border length

Question 31

With the quota system, how many visas does the USA allow each year and who does it depend on?

Answer 31

675,000 visas per year (although it depends on the President)

Question 32

How did Trump alter the composition of migrants (the first time in office)

Answer 32

Less diversity and family reunification reasons - no remittances allowed until the construction of the wall

Question 33

With the US being an international influence, how much money they give to the UN to do what, and how did it benefit the US?

Answer 33

Gave $10 bn to help the UN create the passport and influenced them to create the passport system

Question 34

How many remittances does Mexico receive from the US (economic opportunities)

Answer 34

$30 million remittances sent which is 3% of Mexico's GDP

Question 35

What type of jobs does Mexican usually do and how does that help the US economically?

Answer 35

Typically work lower paying agricultural jobs which fill the labour force (main pull for Mexican migrants = economic opportunities)

Question 36

How do Indian immigrants provide economic opportunities (think income and compare to other average)

Answer 36

They are highly skilled employment with Indian headed households = $132,000 avg income vs/ $64-66,000 avg other households (American and immigrant)

Question 37

Social opportunity for Mexico

Answer 37

Introduction of culture and diversity

Question 38

Economic challenge for US (undocumented migrants)

Answer 38

Undocumented migrants can cause economic and resource strain

Question 39

Economic challenge for US (Border control)

Answer 39

Economic impact and need for investment from government: purchase drones, transport vehicles ect

Question 40

How many Mexican migrants live in poverty and what does that do socially?(social challenge for the USA)

Answer 40

21% - social inequality and widens the wealth divide

Question 41

What are social challenges for Mexican migrants in the USA?

Answer 41

Harder to integrate into US society due to linguistic boundaries and they face discrimination

Question 42

Border challenges for the USA? (think what are the challenges for those crossing)

Answer 42

The treatment of those attempting to illegally enter - poor conditions It is dangerous to cross due to desert and harsh conditions

Question 43

How many people immigrate from Benin and Ghana to Nigeria respectively? (countries in close proximity)

Answer 43

377,000 and 280,000

Question 44

What are the political factors for immigrating to Nigeria, think ECOWAS and what does it stand for?

Answer 44

Freedom of movement under ECOWAS (Economic community of West African States) and instability in neighbouring countries e.g. Cameroon

Question 45

What is the economic factors for immigrating to Nigeria?

Answer 45

Nigeria is economic powerhouse in W. Africa so people migrate from poorer neighbouring states seeking opportunities - such as high skilled workers for executive positions in the oil and gas industry

Question 46

What is the social/cultural factor for immigrating to Nigeria?

Answer 46

The language e.g. Ghana is also an Anglophone

Question 47

How many Nigerian citizens emigrate to USA and the UK respectively and what percentage of the population does it make up?

Answer 47

402,000 and 270,768 (which makes up 0.5% of pop of England and Wales)

Question 48

What is the political factor of emigrating from Nigeria?

Answer 48

Corruption - instability in N. Nigeria due to the Boko Haram

Question 49

What is the environmental factor of emigrating from Nigeria?

Answer 49

Dwindling resources e.g Lake Chad which has shrunk 90% since 1990

Question 50

What is the social factor of emigrating from Nigeria?

Answer 50

Join diaspora abroad to provide for family e.g. London which has the largest diaspora of Nigerians in the UK and is also known as 'Little Lagos'

Question 51

What is Nigeria's border/migration policies and what can it cost to cross?

Answer 51

There is very little restriction on migration as LIDCs have little control over international migration and it can cost as little as N100 (less than $1) to cross

Question 52

How does the UN help Nigeria's border policies?

Answer 52

They have influence over Nigeria policies and help to strengthen borders between Benin and Cameroon and implement stricter rules

Question 53

What has the US done to prevent Muslim Nigerians from entering the country?

Answer 53

Extended US Muslim travel ban under Trump's first administration - there is a Muslim majority in N. Nigeria

Question 54

What is the economic opportunity for both the UK and Nigeria due to the large Nigerian diaspora that resides there?

Answer 54

It helps facilitate trade and a bilateral activity between the 2 nations worth £6.7 billion in 2022. Which helps development and the multiplier effect (in UK and Nigeria)

Question 55

How much is Nigeria's GDP is from remittances?

Answer 55

4.5% - higher wages in the UK

Question 56

How much do Nigerians spend a year on Primary and Secondary education in Britain?

Answer 56

£300 million

Question 57

How many Nigerian NHS workers are there in Britain and what is the social opportunity?

Answer 57

8,000 which helps to fill the labour force and increase diversity

Question 58

Social factor opportunity for Nigerians?

Answer 58

Nigeria is an anglophone nation, meaning that they don't have to learn a new language when coming to Britain or USA

Question 59

What is a political opportunity for Nigeria?

Answer 59

Ties with the UN - global influence and growth

Question 60

What is a social challenge for Nigeria relating to brain drain?

Answer 60

It is a 6.6 on the brain drain scale due to the loss of highly skilled workers

Question 61

What is a social challenge for Nigerians in the UK?

Answer 61

Xenophobia and racism

Question 62

What is a global political challenge for Nigeria?

Answer 62

The UN mandates that Nigeria must adhere to restrictions put in place by ACs e.g. the passport and visa system (Muslim travel ban: Oceans link - Trump's extended ban also affected the Myanmar's Rohingya Muslims)