Global migration Flashcards
What are the patterns of global migration?
*linked to globalisation
*volumes, scale, direction and demographics of flows are always changing
*impacts on host country and country of origin can be wide-ranging and demographic, economic, social, cultural, political and environmental in nature
Why do people migrate?
*wide range of reasons - largest group are economic migrants seeking work in another country and sending remittances home
What is a refugee and how have the number of these changed?
A person who has moved outside their country of nationality in order to escape war, persecution or natural hazards
increased number of refugees
What is an asylum seeker?
A person who enters another country seeking refugee status due to dear for their life in home country
Increasing numbers
What is net migration?
the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants for a particular country
* migration is part of the calculation of population change
International migration - flows and reasons for movement
UK - main origins are India, Pakistan and POLAND, main destinations Australia, US, Canada
Reason - employment opportunities, retirement and family
52% immigrants women 2019, 35% in London
Inter-regional migration - flows and reasons for movement
migration between regions
*Middle East and Africa to Europe often to escape persecution
*Mediterranean sea crossing 2019 1885 deaths
Intra-regional migration - flows and reasons for movement
migration within a region
*Europe 2019 1.4 million EU residents moved to another country (POLAND)
What are the 2 ways socio-economic factors cause patterns of international migration?
- migration can contribute to economic development - new workforce/skills, paid employees cause multiplier effects as their income causes growth
- inequalities in income levels generate migration - people seek better oppotunities
How do remittances affect development?
*In EDCs and LIDCs, remittance payments can contribute significantly to the GDP
*Boost the spending power of families who receive them to stimulate growth
*Remittances are affected by restrictive immigration policies of developed countries and cost of travel
*Remittances to counties with a higher HDI are a smaller percentage of the GDP, whereas countries with a low HDI are a higher proportion.
**USA 2019 $6.8bn 0.1% GDP, Haiti $3.27bn 37.1% GDP
How does global migration promote stability?
*Migrant remittances are a source of foreign exchange which can contribute to economic stability of the recipient country (constant flow of money)
*Where there is an ageing population, youthful migrant working populations contribute to a more balanced age structure and population growth
How does global migration promote growth?
*GDP and tax base of the host nation can be boosted by migrants
*Migrants as consumers can cause growth in host country or open new markets as demand for goods increases (increase in flow of ideas)
*Migrants can fill skills gaps and shortages in the labour market at local/national scales
*Remittances can supplement household income, stimulate consumption, provide funds for local investment and cause a local multiplier effect in the country of origin of the migrants (flow of money)
How does global migration encourage development?
*Skills and knowledge acquired by returning migrants can be of benefit to origin countries (new ideas and skills)
*Create networks that ease flows of skills, financial resources, values and ideas through their links to diaspora associations, including professional, business, social and religious networks (flow of ideas)
*UN ‘migration and development’ projects between partner countries are involving families, local authorities, public and private service providers in effective ‘bottom up’ approaches to development
*Flow of technology used to identify where most support is needed in crisis areas for refugees
How does global migration cause inequalities?
*Countries of origin can lose a proportion of the youngest, vibrant and fit element of the labour force. *Contribute to downward economic spiral at local/regional/national levels
*Often the better educated migrate - ‘brain drain’ and loss of human resources in the country of origin (flow of ideas)
*Remittances can increase inequality between families who receive them and those who don’t (flow of money)
How does global migration cause conflict?
*Social conflict can develop between host countries and ‘newcomers’, people of a particular culture or ethnic origin may find integration difficult (language)
*Immigrant populations can be perceived to place pressure on service provision e.g. healthcare, education and housing - caused tensions
*International borders can be places of conflict for border authorities, traffickers and illegal migrants - lack of technology exacerbates this
