Global Health- Non-infectious diseases (Cancer and CVD) Flashcards
Describe what is meant by an epidemiological transition
Epidemiological transition – this is the changes in levels and causes of mortality, which is commonly summarized as a decline in total mortality, and a significant reduction in infectious and deficiency diseases, which increase the relative role of chronic non-communicable diseases like cancers, cardiovascular and chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes.
Describe the factors that play a role in epidemiological transitions
It accompanies socio-demographic and health system changes among the poorer countries but continues in more industrialized nations. With advances in clinical medicine and epidemiology, it has become apparent that this transition is complex and dynamic: the health and disease patterns of a society evolve in diverse ways as a result of demographic, socioeconomic, technological, cultural, environmental and biological changes. It is rather a continuous transformation process, with some diseases disappearing and others appearing or re-emerging. There are some outstanding examples, such as the emergence of new infectious diseases like AIDS, the increase in infections that were previously controlled, such as tuberculosis and dengue fever, the decline
in stomach cancer and the rise and fall of lung cancer, and the shift from stroke to heart disease.
What were the top 10 leading causes of deaths in 2000
- Ischaemic heart disease
- Stroke
- Lower Respiratory Infections
- COPD
- Diarrhoeal diseases
- HIV/AIDS
- TB
- Preterm Birth Complications
- Trachea, Bronchus, Lung Cancers
- Diabetes mellitus
What were the top 10 leading causes of deaths in 2012
- Ischaemic Heart Disease
- Stroke
- COPD
- Lower Respiratory Infections
- Trachea, Bronchus, Lung Cancers
- HIV/AIDS
- Diarrhoeal diseases
- Diabetes mellitus
- Road injury
- Hypertensive heart disease
What type of conditions are becoming more common in developed countries
Chronic Conditions and cancers
How do chronic conditions and cancer change as you age
More common as you age
What is a consequence of people living longer
High prevalence of chronic conditions and cancers
What are the 5 leading cancers in the world for females in terms of incidence
Breast Colorectum Lung Cervix uteri Thyroid
What are the 5 leading causes of cancers in the world for females in terms of mortality
Breast Lung Colorectum Cervix uteri Stomach
What are the 5 leading causes of cancers in the world for females in terms of prevalence
Breast Colorectum Thyroid Cervix uteri Corpus uteri
What are the 5 leading causes of cancers in the world for males in terms of incidence
Lung
Prostate
Colorectum
Liver
Stomach
What are the 5 leading causes of cancer in the world for males in terms of mortality
Lung
Liver
Stomach
Colorectum
Prostate
What are the 5 leading causes of cancers in the world for males in terms of prevalence
Prostate Colorectum Lung Bladder Stomach
In very high HDI countries, what are the 5 most commonly diagnosed cancers for both sexes
Breast Colorectum Lung Prostate Bladder
In very high HDI countries, what are the 5 most deadly cancers for both sexes
Lung Colorectum Pancreas Breast Stomach
In very high HDI countries, what are the most prevalent cancers for both sexes
Breast Prostate Colorectum Bladder Lung
In low HDI countries what are the most diagnosed cancers for both sexes
Breast Cervix uteri Prostate Colorectum Liver
In low HDI countries what are the most deadly cancers for both sexes
Cervix uteri Breast Liver Prostate Colorectum
In low HDI countries what are the most prevalent cancers for both sexes
Breast Cervix uteri Prostate Colorectum Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Describe the cancer transition in Japan post 1951
Before (infectious disease) Stomach (H.Pylori) Cervix (HPV) Liver (HBV and HVC) After (Non-infectious disease) Lung, Pancreas (smoking) Colorectum (development) Breast (diet and fertility)
Describe the epidemiological transition in Japan post 1951
Before (infectious disease) TB Malaria Smallpox After (non-infectious disease) Cancer Heart Disease Stroke
What is generally seen in Age-standardized cancer mortality trends in selected countries
Mortality rates decrease
What is generally seen in Age-standardized lung cancer mortality trends in selected countries
Men- decreasing
Women- increasing
What is generally seen in Age-standardized stomach cancer mortality trends in selected countries
Mortality rate decreases
What is generally seen in Age-standardized breast cancer mortality trends in selected countries
Mortality rate decreases in some countries, increases in others
List the 9 major environmental and behavioural risks for cancer deaths in 2001
- Smoking
- Low intake of fruit and vegetables
- Alcohol use
- Unsafe sex
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
- Contaminated injections in health care
- Urban air pollution
- Indoor smoke from household solid fuel use
What cancers can H.Pylori cause
Stomach and lymphoma
What cancers can EBV cause
NPC
Hodgkin L
BL
What cancers can HPV cause
Cervix, ano-genital sites, oral and pharyngeal
developed countries in 2002
8.1%
What percentage of cancer deaths were attributable to infection in underdeveloped countries in 2002
26.9%
Describe how we can prevent cancer deaths
Many cancer deaths preventable through policies/actions that reduce smoking and alcohol use, increase access to healthier food options, and prevent/treat infections
What happens after deaths caused by child infectious diseases declines
Over time relatively large declines in child infectious diseases have led to more people dying at older ages and an increase in the number of deaths from cancers and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs)
However, after accounting for population growth and ageing, NCD rates also tend to decline
How do we know that viruses can cause cancer
Microscopy allowed us to follow the virus, and see how it changes human DNA.
How is cancer burden shifting
Cancer burden is shifting to less developed countries, in which 60% of these cases are likely to occur.
How many deaths is cancer responsible for worldwide
Cancer accounted for about 15.1% of the deaths worldwide in 2010
Describe the distribution of cancers in the world
Many types of cancer vary in incidence between different populations and every type of cancer is rare in some parts of the world. Lung, breast and colorectal cancer are currently the most commonly diagnosed cancers, whereas lung cancer, liver, and stomach cancers are the most common causes of cancer death. Cancer rates in migrants tend to converge towards local cancer rates over time, pointing to a role for modifiable risk factors. At least a third of all cancers are likely to be preventable through a small number of lifestyle and environmental approaches, with an additional burden due to infections. Smoking is currently the largest preventable cause of cancer in the world.
Describe the changes in age-specific cancers and mortality rates
Age-specific cancer incidence and mortality rates have fallen for some cancer sites, while other cancers have become more common, reflecting changes in relevant exposures, diagnosis, treatment, and screening. Because cancer can take 20 years to appear, current cancer rates are affected by changes and exposures that took place in the past. Rates of smokingrelated cancers in women, for example, will continue to increase in most countries; as will the number of cases attributable to asbestos exposure. Smoking and overweight may become more important contributors to cancer rates than infections in some countries.
