Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Epidemiology > Global Health- Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Global Health- Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Describe some routes of global mixing

A

air traffic, the growth of ‘mega cities’ and the evolution of new infectious agents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the origins of human infections

A

Inherited from our ancestors.

2) Acquired from wild life.
3) Acquired from livestock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the impact of zoonotic infections

A

The fraction which are zoonotic

estimated to be between 60-70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the pathogens in order in terms of how many different pathogens they have which cause human infection

A 
Bacteria
Fungi
Helminths
Virus 
Protozoa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Based on analysis of sequenced data, what helped the early spread of H1N1

A

Airline travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is meant by generation time

A

Time from when female is born until she gives birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does modern medicine stop

A

Evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the impact of a new pathogen on the development of drugs

A

Emergency regulations shorten the development time for new drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the purpose of sequencing diseases

A

It allows us to see where the infection arised and who infected who.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is meant by clinical epidemiology

A

What happens in the patient when they get infected and how they respond to it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the consequences of a more dense population

A

Faster spread of virus (more transmission events), this speeds up the evolution of the pathogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the purpose of sequencing the genome of pathogens

A

To track the spread of the pathogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the movements of humans

A

We have become globetrotters, we are gravitating towards cities. This helps spread infections from where they emerge. Less time for pharmaceutical companies to develop vaccines. Cities, especially megacities, have become a breeding ground for new strains and drug resistant pathogens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which country has the highest density of livestock

A

The Netherlands. Need to monitor countries with high densities of livestock. Lots of drug resistance occurs here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain how we are aware that Bats were the origin of SARS

A

Genome sequencing shows that the genome organization of all bat SARS-like–CoVs is almost identical to that of the SARS-CoVs isolated from humans or civets. They shared an overall sequence identity of 88% to 92%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are the movements of livestock well tracked

A

No - except in the European Union,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe how livestock can transmit viruses

A

Eating undercooked meat

Saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How did we kill the SARS epidemic

A

Quarantine and isolation. When patient displays first clinical symptoms of raised temperature and diahhroea they are not infectious to others. Hence this prevents transmission, not infectious, long incubation period- due to new introduction to humans- hence growth initially was slow in the gut.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why don’t quarantine and isolation outbreaks work with influenza

A

Patient is already infectious before the onset of symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do we track the virus

A

QF-PCR.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the West Nile Virus transmitted by

A

The mosquito

22
Q

Describe the statistics associated with the West Nile Virus

A

West Nile Virus was first reported in the United States in New York State in the summer of 1999. Since 1999, WNV has caused more than 19,000 cases of human illness including more than 750 deaths in the United States by mid 2009

23
Q

How do we know when viruses first evolved

A

Take closely related viruses from primates, sequence genomes, compare with human virus, know the mutation rate at each RNA site along the genome, you can calculate when the two separated. We have automated technology to do this.

24
Q

Which HIV type is found in humans

A

HIV-1

25
Q

When did the HIV first evolve

A

105 years ago

26
Q

Describe why there is no vaccine for HIV

A

HIV is a RNA virus, and hence has no proof-reading mechanisms during its replication. Therefore the species is a quasispecies, each virus is geneticall different to the other, this allows resistance to develop quickly and makes it hard to develop vaccines- no common target. We use immunotherapy with triple drug therapy.

27
Q

Describe the benefits of triple therapy drugs in HIV patients

A

For no other risk factors, patients have an age and gender-matched normal life expectancy. Lethal disease— curable (but not to elimination). If they don’t take the drug, they will encounter problems quickly, replication means evolution. Compliance is essential.

28
Q

Describe the application of electrical engineering in assessing compliance

A

Chip, which monitors when the drug has been taken, signal delivered to physician.

29
Q

What do SARS, HIV, MERS and malaria have in common

A

The source of infection is from wild animals.

30
Q

Describe the statistics associated with MERS

A 
As of May 2014, more than 688cases 282 deaths (41% case fatality) of Middle East respiratory 
syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have been reported to WHO.
31
Q

Do we have any antiviral therapies or vaccines for MERS

A

No, although Saudi Arabia is investing in their development.

32
Q

How did we kill the ebola epidemic

A

Found chains of contact. Isolated these people infected or not- epidemic was killed.
Trial vaccines and immunotherapies

33
Q

Why is it hard to prevent epidemics sometimes

A

The country may be in conflict- hence it is hard to set up the public health prevention methods in these areas.

34
Q

How many cases of ebola have their been in the last 4 decades

A

10s of thousands.

35
Q

Why don’t we have a vaccine for Ebola

A

Trivial- no commercial market for Ebola. As it is rare but lethal. However, charities are developing these vaccines for rare and lethal diseases, however, we still require input from big pharma conditions.

36
Q

Where is Zika common

A

Countries of the tropical belt- it emerged from a forest in Uganda.

37
Q

What is the zika virus associated with

A

Microcephaly in infants born to infected mothers.

38
Q

Can Zika be sexually transmitted

A

Yes

39
Q

What is Zika transmitted by

A

Mosquitoes, and there are reservoirs in primates- as all arboviruses, tough to get vaccines for. They trigger autoimmune response, hence vaccines may cause autoimmune disease.

40
Q

Describe the risks associated with Zika during pregnancy

A

In the first trimester- risk of microcephaly is approximately 1%. In second and third trimester- the risk is negligible. Risk of guillian-barre syndrome in adults infected is roughly 4 in 100,000.- autoimmunity attacking the nervous system. Middle-ground risk.

41
Q

How do we prevent getting Zika

A

Heavy doses of mosquito repellent to prevent getting bit.

42
Q

What is the current problem with vaccines.

A

Risk of morbidity of disease is often LESS than the risk of adverse reaction from the vaccine- due to rarity of the disease. Decreasing uptake of vaccines in developed countries- less herd immunity- more cases of the disease.

43
Q

What could be done to increase uptake of vaccines

A

Make it compulsory otherwise they cannot go to school (unless they are immunodeficient and cannot take vaccines).

44
Q

What should vaccine uptake be to stop transmission

A

95-97%. For measles 84-85 is current uptake- worse in areas where they don’t speak English.

45
Q

List some NTDs

A

Dengue (virus)
Leprosy (bacteria)
Neglected- no vaccines for them

46
Q

Describe medical surveillance

A

Internet search engine- monitors cases and mortality rates. WHO spots unusual patterns- go to area to investigate. Discovery phase is most difficult.

47
Q

What is diagnosis based on

A

QT-PCR and serological.

48
Q

What are the urgent tasks to do during the emergence of a new disease

A

Indication – unusual clusters of morbidity/mortality in space and time (e.g. SARS in Quangzhou – China, November 2002).
Identify aetiological agent.
Develop diagnostic tests.
Determine route of transmission.
Identify clinical algorithms for care – to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Put in place, or activate, data capture and communication systems.
Identify and implement key public health measures.
Keep public informed.

49
Q

What is R0

A

R0 Basic reproduction number
average no. of secondary cases
generated by 1 primary case in a
susceptible population

50
Q

What is Rt

A

Rt Effective reproduction number

number of infections caused by each new case occurring at time, t

51
Q

Describe the importance of Ro

A

The key determinant of incidence and prevalence of infection is the basic reproductive number Ro.
Many factors determine its magnitude, including those that influence the typical course of infection in the patient and those that determine transmission between people.

Epidemiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions