Global Health Intro Flashcards
International Health
Interlocked, Interrelated health status of individuals throughout the world and combined efforts to improve the health of each of these individuals of every country.
Health
The state of complete mental, physical and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of infirmity or disease.
~ WHO 1947
Globalization
Increased interdependence and interconnectedness of individuals and nations.
~WHO
Public Health
Organized measures to prevent disease, promote health and prolong life among populations as a whole.
~WHO
Global Health
- Health related problems, issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries which may be influenced by experiences in other countries and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions
~ Institute of Medicine, USA 1997 - Collaborative transnational research and action for promoting health for all.
~ Beaglehole & Bonita, 2010
Three main functions of PH
- Identify health related problems & priorities ( via assessment & monitoring communities & populations at risk)
- Formulate policy’s (addressing problems & priorities)
- Ensure accessible health promotion and preventive services (appropriate & cost effective)
Historical development of Global health
• More recent field of study compared to PH & IH
• Emphasizes greater scope of health problems & solutions that are transnational & interdisciplinary
Key GH terms
GRAPH CT
1. Global: opposed to local
2. Research: evidence based
3. Action: from evidence
4. Promoting (health): via social determinants
5. Health for all: Alma Ata declaration
6. Collaborative: multiple domains
7. Transnational: transcend borders
Historical development of PH
• Developed as a discipline in mid 19th century in UK, USA, Europe.
• Concerned with national issues.
• Focus on populations
• Data & evidence to support actions.
• Social justice, equity
• Prevention vs cure
Historical development of IH
• Developed during past decades
• Concerned with;
~diseases
~ conditions of middle & low income countries
~ one way flow of ‘good ideas’
Generic disciplines in GH
• Social sciences
• Behavioural sciences
• Biomedical sciences
• Environmental sciences
• Law
• Economics
• Engineering
• History
Knowledge domains of GH
- Epidemiology
- Health promotion & education
- Health services administration
- Environmental health
- Occupational health
- Social & behavioural sciences
- Biostatistics
- Vital statistics & surveillance
Key concepts related to Global Health (explain)
- Key risk factors of health related problems.
- The global burden of health matters.
- Transition of demography and epidemiology
- Importance of culture to global health.
- Measurement of health status.
- Determinants of health.
Culture.
Predominating attitudes & behaviour that characterize the functioning of a group/ organization.
What are the measurements of health status?
- Cause of death.
- Infant mortality rate.
- Maternal mortality rate.
- Neonatal mortality rate.
- Life expectancy at birth.
- Child mortality rate.
Health system.
All organizations, institutions & resources devoted to producing actions aimed at improving health
~ WHO
Key risk factors for various health conditions.
- Tobacco use.
- Poor sanitation, access to clean water.
- Extra marital affairs.
- Malnutrition.
Life expectancy at birth.
The number of years a new-born baby is expected to live if current trends in mortality were to continue for the rest of the new-born’s life.
Difference between child, infant and neonatal mortality rate.
- Child - the probability that a new-born will die before reaching 5 yrs expressed per 1000 live births.
- Infant - the number of infant deaths under 1 yr per 1000 live births/ year.
- Neonatal - number of death of infants under 28 days per 1000 live births/ year
Maternal mortality rate.
Number of women who die as a result of childbirth & pregnancy related complications per 100 000 live births/ year.
Cause of death.
Obtained from death certificate.
Limited because of incomplete coverage.
Influence of culture to health.
- Diversity
- Marginalization.
- Vulnerability.
- All due to either race, gender & ethnicity
Infant mortality rate
Number of deaths in infants under 1 year per 1000 live births per year
Child vs Neonatal mortality rate
Neonatal: number of deaths among infants under 28 days per 1000 live births in a given year.
Child: probability that a new born will die before 5 years per 1000 live births.
What other key concept in relation to GH can you think of?
Organization and function of health systems.
• Poor functioning health care systems = poor health care provision which affects the health of the given community.
• National health system has public, private, traditional and informal sectors
