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Y2 LMAP > Global Health > Flashcards

Global Health Flashcards

1
Q

Define global health:

A

An area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving health equity for all people worldwide

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2
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Any disease that passes between people or animals - i.e. transmissible or infectious

e. g. COVID-19 (viruses spread faster due to global transport links etc)
eg. Polio Global Eradication Initiative

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3
Q

What is the issue with communicable disease in modern society?

A

Interconnected world
Faster spread of disease
New rules placed in one country = major impacts on others

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4
Q

What does this mean for controlling communicable diseases e.g. in a pandemic?

A

Therefore cannot control disease by solely acting on a national level

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5
Q

Why is COVID different from e.g. polio?

A

COVID = hitting home front of the WEST = more financially secure countries with higher incomes, more resources etc.

Polio mainly in third world countries

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6
Q

What are some non-communicable disease that global health needs to address?

A

e.g. mental health
Influenced by many large corporates e.g. fb, mcD, ig, etc.
In 19th C, influence governed by government

Polio Global Eradication Initiative

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7
Q

How is global health currently regulated?

A

WHO - world health organisation

Specialised agency of the UN

Intergovernmental organisation aiming to uphold international peace and security

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8
Q

What are the aims of the WHO?

A

Attainment of all peoples at the highest possible level of health

Info from all countries passed onto WHO, this info is collated and organised appropriately

Appropriate measures taken

Governance
WHO – aim is ‘the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health’
International Health Regulations – describes role and responsibilities of national governments too
Is able to declare a ‘Public Health Emergency of International Concern’

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9
Q

How can countries be grouped together?

A

Wealth

Infrastructure

Standard of Living

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10
Q

Whats the Human Development Index (or HDI)?

What is it comprised of?

A

Approach used by the United Nations (UN) to quantifying development (in general) and is a composite continuous value between 0.001 and 0.999 (usually provided to three decimal places).

HDI comprises 3 measures of development:
Knowledge - based on education and literacy
Healthy life - life expectancy
Standard of Living - income adjusted for local circumstances - based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Group countries into Very High, High, Medium, and Low
Used when drawing statistical comparisons

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11
Q

After each country is given an HDI value, how can they be grouped?

A

Very high = Norway, Ireland and Switzerland

High = Seychelles, Trinidad and Tobago and Albania

Medium = Kyrgyzstan, Morocco and Guyana

Low = Mauritania, Benin and Uganda

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12
Q

Why is the HDI so useful?

A

HDI is used widely when drawing statistical comparisons.

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13
Q

What is also used, other than HDI?

A

World Bank Country Classifications

HIC - high income country
LMIC - low and middle income countries

These are more objective

Based on Gross National Income per Capita (GNI)

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14
Q

What is meant by the global south?

A

Refers to countries where income tends to be low and economies are recently industrialising

Geographically = are around the tropics

Many of these countries have a colonial history
Australia and New Zealand not considered

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15
Q

What is meant by the terms:

Third World =

Less economically developed countries =

Emerging markets =

A

Third World = In the era of the Cold War, countries that were aligned with NATO were deemed first world. Countries aligned with the USSR were considered second world. This term was originally intended to denote non-aligned national state actors

Less economically developed countries = A term that has been vaguely used to categorise countries on then basis of their gross national income (GNI). This term has now been removed from routine use by the World Bank

Emerging markets = An economic term suggesting that a country is about to engage with global markets. This term remains commonly used in business with pharmaceutical companies often using it to describe multiple countries where business opportunities are ancipated

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16
Q

What is WASH?

A

Water, sanitation and hygiene

Water - safe water for drinking, washing, and domestic activities ( 30% of world lacks)

  • Fundamental human right (UN)
  • Water that does not have a significant threat to health over a lifetime of consumption
  • Infectious disease: water-borne, water-washed, water-based, water-related, diseases caused by poor sanitation
  • Access lowest in sub-saharan Africa

Sanitation - safe removal of waste (toilets and waste disposal) - (60% of world lacks)

Hygiene - health promotion activities that encourage protective healthy behaviour practices

Benefits greater together than implemented separately

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17
Q

What are some examples of globally prevalent WASH-related diseases?

A 
Diarrhoea
Malaria
Schistosomiasis
Trachoma
Intestinal helminths
Japanese encephalitis
Hep A
Other types of poisoning
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18
Q

Why is diarrhoea an issue?

A

Leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children under 5 in low-middle income supply

Associated with lack of WASH

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19
Q

How does WASH improve diarrhoea?

A

Improved water supply = improvement of 6-25%

Improved sanitation = decreased mortality from diarrhoea by 32%

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20
Q

What are hygiene interventions?

A

Hand washing
Hygiene promotion

= lead to decrease is diarrhoea by 45%

21
Q

What is a fundamental human right in WASH?

A

Right of access to safe drinking water and sanitation by UN

22
Q

What is safe drinking water?

A

Water that does not set a significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption - each person required 50-100L of clean, safe water / day to cook, clean, drink and bathe

23
Q

How does poor quality drinking water impact people?

A

Health
Livelihood
Education and employment opportunities - lead to wider economic and political challenges

24
Q

What are the 5 water-related infectious diseases?

A

Water-borne = disease spread when people drink / eat in food contaminated water e.g. cholera

Water-washed = infections caused by poor personal hygiene

Water-based = transmitted by aquatic species

Water-related = insect vector diseases

Diseases caused by poor sanitation

25
Q

What is Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)?

A

Package of 17 goals launched by UN inn 2015
To be achieved by 2030

Each goal is dependent on the other goals

Universal for all countries

26
Q

What are the 17 SDH universal goals?

A

GOAL 1: No Poverty

GOAL 2: Zero Hunger

GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being

GOAL 4: Quality Education

GOAL 5: Gender Equality

GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality

GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

GOAL 13: Climate Action

GOAL 14: Life Below Water

GOAL 15: Life on Land

GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions

GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal

27
Q

What is maternal death?

A

Death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy - from any cause by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes

28
Q

Why is maternal mortality important in global health?

A

Indicators of a country’s health and wellbeing - almost 300,000 women die each year from maternity related causes - – over 95% from LMICs

29
Q

What is the maternal mortality ratio (MMR)?

A

Maternal mortality ratio is the epidemiological indicator commonly used. It is calculated as the number of deaths divided by the number of live births (in the same period) per 100,000 live births.

MMR = Maternal Mortality Ratio (no. of deaths/no. of live births per 100,000 live births)

Also a measure of how accessible/responsive/effective a health system is

30
Q

Using the UNICEF website above, what is the MMR in Norway?

A

Very low - <100

2

31
Q

What is the MMR in the United Kingdom?

A

Very low - <100

7

32
Q

What is the MMR in Sierra Leone?

A

Extremely high - >1000

1120

33
Q

Why is MMR important?

A

Important indicator of human and social progress
Measure of how accessible, responsive and effective a health system is
Expresses baseline health status among women of childbearing age

The degree to which a health system is responsive to women’s health is a measure of how politically invested a country is in achieving equal health outcomes for men + women

34
Q

What affects MMR?

A

Income
Privatised healthcare
Health system inequalities

35
Q

What is the modern world called in planetary health and sustainability?

A

The Great Acceleration

Humans = exponential increase in consumption of:
Human consumption
Fresh water
Proliferation of motor vehicle
Production and use of synthetic fertilisers
Paper production
Plastic production

Extraordinary acceleration since 1950s
Huge impact across natural ecosystems

36
Q

Human consumption and needs exceeds planetary capacity, what is this leading to?

A

Improvements of humans
But decrease in natural ecosystem functioning
Also HUGE driver of burden of disease today

Wealthy tend to consume whereas the poor tend to suffer the consequences

37
Q

What is planetary health?

A

an emerging discipline that recognises our coexistence as human beings with the world around us
- Balance between human consumption and planetary sustainability

38
Q

What is one health?

A

Conceptual paradigm:
To improve health and well-being through the prevention of risks and the mitigation of effects of crises that originate at the interface between humans, animals, and their various environments

INCLUDES animal health, environmental health and human health

animal health - Wild animals, agriculture, aquaculture, companion animals = farmers, vets, food consumers and pet owners

Environmental health - vegetation, soil, water = industry, farmers, waste water management

Human health - individual, local, global = patients, prescribers, pharma

39
Q

What is AMR (antimicrobial resistance)?

A

Where antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitics become less effective overtime as pathogens evolve

40
Q

What are the risks, impacts and consequences of AMR?

A 
Poor treatment options in the future
Risks of future pandemics
Longer hospitalisations
Increased mortality 
Greater infection rates

Increasing incidence of multi-drug resistant bacteria
If nothing is done – may become almost impossible to do routine surgery
Will hit those who have the least resources the hardest

41
Q

What can we do about AMR?

A

More controlled prescribing in hospitals
Lessened use in farming
Discovering more antimicrobials

Large proportion of antibiotics are used in agriculture - reduce this

Understand science behind resistance
Reduce availability of all antibiotics + introduce more safeguards for broad spectrum Abx

42
Q

Issues with AMR solutions?

A

Interdependent around the world, everyone globally needs to follow these = unlikely

NEED PEOPLE INVOLVEMENT
Not just human health - veterinarians, agriculture, business, politicians
Global effort

43
Q

How might climate change in the tropics influence human health in London?

A

Increased average temp - environmental degradation - agricultural failure - crime and disorder - fear of crime - global supply chains - malnutrition - economic migration - infectious disease - pressure on services - increasing health inequalities - structural racism and inequity - political instabilities - armed conflict

44
Q

What is The ‘tragedy of the commons’

A

an economic analogy that describes how people degrade a common good for personal consumption, in spite of the consequent overall societal loss.

45
Q

Other than humans, who are antibiotics also given to

A

A large proportion of antibiotic is used in agriculture: in countries including the US they are used to promote animal growth. Although disputed, some figures estimate in the region of 50-80% of antibiotics by volume are given to animals in the US.

46
Q

What are criticisms of the WHO?

A

Slow to react following ebola virus

Trump redrawing funding to WHO

47
Q

Describe globalised health in a economic, cultural, social and political sense

A

Economic globalization: Concerns the growth of the global economy, international trade and international business
Cultural and Social globalization: Concerns the transmission of meanings, values and ideas accross the globe. It increases interconnectedness of different populations through shared norms/knowledge
Political globalization: Concerns growth of a global political system and interconnectedness. For example the existence of the United Nations.

48
Q

What are the different levels of the world bank country classification system?

A

High income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income

Y2 LMAP (26 decks)

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