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Geography > Global Hazards > Flashcards

Global Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the layers of the earth?

A

Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

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2
Q

What is the mantle made of?

A

Semi-molten rock called magma

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3
Q

How thick is the crust?

A

0-60km

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4
Q

What is Ridge Push?

A

New crust formed at divergent
plate margins is less dense than the surrounding crust and so it rises to form oceanic ridges. The older seafloor either side of the ridge slides away and this moves the seafloor apart – moving the tectonic plate

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5
Q

What is Slab Pull?

A

where older, denser tectonic plates sink into the mantle at subduction zones. As these older sections of plates sink, newer and less dense sections of plate are pulled along behind. Sinking in one place leads to plates moving apart in other places

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6
Q

Feature of a shallow focus earthquake?

A

More Intense, numerous aftershock

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7
Q

Feature of a deep focus earthquake?

A

Much less intense than shallow focus

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8
Q

What are hotspots?

A

Places where the magma rises up through the crust. They are caused by a static source of magma, often away from plate margins. As the plate moves away from the hotspot, a new volcano island will form

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9
Q

How does magma come through at a hotspot?

A

Magma comes to the surface through cracks in the rocks with great heat and low pressure

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10
Q

What happens at a destructive plate margin?

A

Plates move towards one another. This usually involves an oceanic plate and a continental plate. Causes volcanoes and earthquakes

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11
Q

What is the collision at a a destructive plate margin called?

A

Subduction

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12
Q

What happens to the oceanic plate when it subducts at a destructive plate margin?

A

melts and turns into magma

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13
Q

Where are many destructive plate margins found?

A

The pacific plate where it subducts under the eurasian plate

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14
Q

What happens at a constructive plate margin?

A

plates move apart from eachother, magma rises to form shield volcano, also earthquakes

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15
Q

What happens at conservative plate margins?

A

Plates move past each other or side by side at a different speeds. Causes earthquakes because of energy produced from pressure

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16
Q

What happens at collision zones?

A

two continental plates collide into each other. Forms Mountains as land is forced upwards

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17
Q

What is the focus in an earthquake?

A

Where the earthquake starts

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18
Q

How is earthquake energy released?

A

In seismic waves which spread out in all directions

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19
Q

What do Primary or longitudinal waves do?

A

Move ground up and down?

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20
Q

What do Secondary or transverse waves cause?

A

Side to side movement

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21
Q

Where is the epicentre of an earthquake

A

On the earths surface directly above the focus

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22
Q

How are all Earthquakes measured?

A

On the Richter Scale

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23
Q

What does the Richter scale measure?

A

The magnitude of the earthquake

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24
Q

What is equipment is used to measure earthquakes?

A

Seismometer which produces a seismopgraph

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25
Q

How is the Richter scale numbered?

A

1-10, 10 being most powerful and 1 being weakest. 1-2 is common and anything above 7 is rare but very powerful

26
Q

What is the largest earthquake ever recorded?

A

Chile 1960, 9.5 on Richter scale

27
Q

What scale is used for larger earthquakes?

A

Moment Magnitude Scale

28
Q

What is a short-term response to an earthquake?

A

a response in the days and weeks immediately after a disaster has happened. Short-term responses mainly involve search and rescue and helping the injured with medical aid, then providing emergency shelter, food and water

29
Q

What is a long term response to an earthquake?

A

responses that go on for months and years after a disaster. They involve rebuilding destroyed infrastructure, eg roads, houses, power and water supplies, schools and hospitals. They also involve ‘kick-starting’ the local economy

30
Q

Which two plate margins do Volcanoes appear?

A

Constructive and Destructive

31
Q

What are Shield Volcanoes?

A

Found at hotspots or constructive plate margins. Have sloped sides because lava is runny and thin so moves far before solidifying. Eruptions are gentle and frequent

31
Q

What are Composite Volcanoes?

A

Made up of alternating layers of lava and ash. Usually found at
destructive margins. Eruptions are violent but infrequent. Steep-sided and lava doesn’t flow far before solidifying. Eruptions may be pyroclastic flow.

32
Q

What is pyroclastic flow?

A

Deadly mixture of hot steam, ash, rock and dust. It moves at very high speeds and has high temperatures (400°C)

33
Q

Common features of a Volcano?

A

Magma Chamber, main vent, secondary vent, crater, cone

34
Q

Negatives of Volcanic Eruptions

A

Dangerous, economic activity can suffer, Natural habitats are destroyed

35
Q

Positives of Volcanic Eruptions

A

Tourist attraction (brings in money), Volcanic ash acts as a natural fertiliser, volcanic areas can be used to harness renewable energy due to geothermic energy

36
Q

What do tiltmeters, GPS satellites and lasers do?

A

monitor any changes in landscape, since volcanoes tend to swell near an eruption

37
Q

What do ‘spider’ robots do?

A

monitor gases escaping from a volcano, as there is often an increased release of sulphur dioxide near an eruption

38
Q

What do thermometers do?

A

measure temperature as volcanoes become hotter when magma starts to rise through the main vent

39
Q

What are the three cells?

A

Hadley, Ferrel, Polar

40
Q

What is the Hadley Cell latitude?

A

0-30°

41
Q

What happens at the Hadley Cell?

A

Solar heating at the equator warms the air above. The air rises and expands creating low pressure. The air travels to around 30°, cooling as it moves. At around 30° the cooled air sinks back to Earth to create an area of high pressure. Air moves from this high-pressure area to the equatorial low-pressure area. This is a thermally direct cell.

42
Q

What latitude are the Ferrel Cells?

A

60-30°

43
Q

What happens at the Ferrel Cells?

A

Cold air sinks near 30° and rises near 60°. The air at the Earth’s surface flows northwards and is affected by the Coriolis force.The Ferrel cell is
thermally indirect

44
Q

What latitude are the Polar Cells?

A

60-90°

45
Q

What happens at the Polar Cells?

A

The air above the poles is cold.
The cold air sinks creating high pressure. The air moves towards the equatorial low-pressure zone, and warms up when it meets the land or ocean. At around 60° this warmed air rises. This is another thermally direct cell.

46
Q

What are Jet streams?

A

very strong and fast-moving meandering wind bands. They are found at high altitudes, just below the
tropopause, where the circulation cells meet.

47
Q

What causes jet streams?

A

pressure differences in the upper atmosphere and they move the weather systems around the plane

48
Q

What five factors affect climate?

A

latitude, altitude, winds, aspect, distance from the sea

49
Q

What is a tropical storm?

A

very powerful low-pressure weather system. It has strong winds and heavy rainfall that can be disruptive and dangerous

50
Q

What are the different names for tropical storms?

A

Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones and Willy-Willies

51
Q

How big are tropical storms?

A

644 kilometres wide, 8 kilometres high

52
Q

What is the Coriolis Effect?

A

Describes the pattern of deflection taken by objects not firmly connected to the ground as they travel long distances around the Earth

53
Q

What are features of the eye of the storm?

A

48km across, light wind speeds and no rain because air is descending

54
Q

Where do tropical storms form?

A

between 5° and 30° latitude

55
Q

What is the first stage in the development of a Tropical Storm?

A

When the ocean surface waters reaches at least 27°C due to solar heating, the warm air above the water rises quickly, causing an area of very low pressure

56
Q

What is the second stage in the development of a Tropical Storm?

A

As the air rises quickly more warm moist air is drawn upwards from above the ocean creating strong winds

57
Q

What is the third stage in the development of a Tropical Storm?

A

The rising warm air spirals upward and cools. The water vapour it carries condenses and forms cumulonimbus clouds

58
Q

What is the fourth stage in the development of a Tropical Storm?

A

Cumulonimbus clouds form the eye wall of the storm

59
Q

What is El Nino?

A

Climate pattern where warmer-than-normal Pacific Ocean waters disrupt global weather, causing droughts in some areas and heavy rains in others. Droughts in Australia and heavy rain in americas

60
Q

What is La Nina

A

La Niña is a climate pattern where cooler Pacific Ocean waters shift global weather, bringing heavy rains to some areas like Australia and droughts to parts of the Americas.

Geography (9 decks)

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