Global Governance (3.4)

Question 1

Define global governance

Answer 1

The rules and organisations used to manage issues that affect the whole world.

Question 2

Define global institution

Answer 2

An international organisation composed of most of the countries in the world.

Question 3

Give an example of a global institution

Answer 3

UN

Question 4

Why is global governance becoming increasingly important?

Answer 4

Global governance is vital in achieving sustainable development across all nations as countries become more interdependent, particularly the governance of global commons like Antarctica, where environmental protection is at the forefront of our concerns.

Question 5

Global governance works on a variety of scales, from local to global, and thus, …

Answer 5

Decisions made by global institutions affect all scales, including local.

Question 6

Outline the role of NGOs in global governance (3)

Answer 6

1. NGOs are organisations that operate independently from any government.
2. They operate on a range of scales to support institutions and may lobby governments to create new laws.
3. For example, Greenpeace is present in over 40 countries around the world to campaign for environmental protection.

Question 7

What is the difference between reactive and proactive?

Answer 7

Proactive aims to prevent problems before they arise, while reactive means responding to a problem once it has occurred.

Question 8

What are the 2 benefits global governance aims to achieve?

Answer 8

Growth - Improvements in the economy and society
Stability - Ensures a controlled economy secure against sudden changes.

Question 9

What are 2 problems of global governance?

Answer 9

Inequality and injustices

Question 10

Explain how global governance promotes growth (4)

Answer 10

1. The enforced international laws mean that countries must abide by common rules to enable all countries to develop.
2. For example, the WTO aims to open more markets to free trade for the exchange of goods and services.
3. This can increase access for marginalised countries, allowing them to diversify their industries for export led growth.
4. The World Bank also sends development loans to the least developed countries to increase growth.

Question 11

Explain how global governance promotes stability (3)

Answer 11

1. The enforced international laws mean that countries know how others are likely to react, making conflict less likely.
2. For example, the WHO combats epidemics like the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic and the 2014 Ebola outbreak.
3. UNESCO ensures ideas are shared between countries to improve awareness of global issues and political relationships.

Question 12

Evaluate the system of global governance (3)

Answer 12

1. It is voluntary to sign up to international institutions and countries that do not volunteer are not bound by the laws of it.
2. Some argue that global institutions act for political reasons.
3. There may be difficulty in getting countries to comply with the rules.

Question 13

How do global institutions create inequalities? (2)

Answer 13

1. Some of the least developed countries fail to meet the criteria for loans given by the WB and IMF, limiting their growth and widening inequalities.
2. Economic groups like G7 strengthen the power of advanced economies rather than encouraging equality with LICs.

Question 14

How do global institutions create injustices?

Answer 14

Some members of the UN Security Council, such as China and the US, are more influential, so decisions may not be based on majority representations, widening disparities in opportunities.

Question 15

What is the United Nations?

Answer 15

An international organisation founded in 1945 to establish a peaceful and fair world.

Question 16

How many member countries are in the UN?

Answer 16

There are 193 members in the UN, known as ‘A parliament of nations’

Question 17

List 4 ways that the UN has promoted growth

Answer 17

1. The UN Millennium Development Goals have halved the number living in extreme poverty in 15 years.
2. New HIV infections fell by 43%
3. 43 million more children go to school
4. Over 2 billion more people have access to clean drinking water

Question 18

How has the UN has promoted stability?

Answer 18

The UN Peacekeeping missions actively aim to prevent conflict and strengthen security. For example, after years of civil war, peaceful elections were held in Ivory Coast in 2015.

Question 19

Evaluate how the UN is reinforcing inequalities (2)

Answer 19

1. HICs hold the most power over UN decisions, and this may be used to further advance their economies.
2. Many issues affect African countries the most, but no African country has a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.

Question 20

Evaluate how the UN is reinforcing injustices

Answer 20

The UN has been ineffective at times. For example, UN peacekeepers failed to protect 8000 people in Srebrenica when massacred by Bosnian Serbs in 1995.

Question 21

Effectiveness of the UN goals today: Why has progress to achieve the SDGs been slowed?

Answer 21

The COVID-19 pandemic caused major disruption to people’s lives, and has slowed progress in achieving the SDGs in recent years.

Question 22

Give an example of an international institution

Answer 22

EU