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global governance Flashcards

1
Q

explain coca colas marketing scheme

A

founded in 1886 in Georgia, Atlanta
sells in 200+ countries
employs 79000 associatives
3rd most valued brand
markets in different countries and changes the product to match cultures
recognisable, valuable brand

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2
Q

impacts of coca cola marketing

A

local bottling firms - profits
run community schemes in Africa/ SE Asia
40000 women in Vietnam provided training
$90m research centre in Shanghai
bottling plants are vulnerable to top down decisions
water stress increased
can be easily withdrawn from country/ profits go back to origin

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3
Q

impact of unequal flows on Qatar

A

6500 migrants died
2 million economic migrants
to build 7 new stadiums, airport, roads, public transport, hotels, new city
respiratory failures
intense summer heat

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4
Q

how have unequal flows in uganda created inequalities, injustices and conflicts

A

poverty is greatest in rural areas
1/3 of the population live below poverty
59 life expectancy
British Empire strongly influenced exports - low valued primary products
unsustainable trade of fish - overfishing, predatory nile perch introduced by brits

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5
Q

stability, growth and development in Uganda

A

mobile phone antennae
installing fixed cables for internet access
village phone model - offers loans for people wanting to start

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6
Q

international trade - umbrella city

A

70% of umbrellas are made in China
Songxia is the umbrella capitol of the world
1200 factories
1 worker makes 300 umbrellas a day
specialisation - all kinds of umbrellas
access to markets - good road networks connect Songxia to population centres
cheap production costs - low labour costs flexible workforce of 40000
government support by giving tax incentives

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7
Q

explain what NAFTA is

A

trading bloc/ barriers to trade removed between USA, Mexico and Canada to increase trade

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8
Q

positives of NAFTA

A

trade has tripled
tariffs have been eliminated
increased economic output = US growth by 0.5% a year
5.4million jobs
FDI in Mexico increased to $104 billion, $352 in Canada
lower prices = US oil imports from Mexico are lower
government spending helped

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9
Q

negatives of NAFTA

A

job losses - in 2011 682,900 jobs lost, in Michigan, Texas, NYC
lower wages - threatened to move to Mexico to prevent workers joining unions
farmers out of business - local farmers struggled to compete with subsidised prices from Mexico, 1.3m put out of business
poorer working conditions
environmental damage - increased use of fertilisers, chemicals, pollution levels
decreased truck safety - trucks in Mexico have different safety standards

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10
Q

OECD

A

organisation for economic cooperation and development
group of 34 richest, most powerful countries
top 8 = G8 most powerful and wealthy
eg. UK, Germany, France, USA, Japan, Canada, Italy, Russia
discuss to provide solutions to economic, environmental and social issues

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11
Q

OPEC trade bloc

A

control 2/3 of global oil reserves
ensure they get fair prices from consumers eg. UK
AFRICAN OPEC etc.

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12
Q

explain the spatial organisation of Tata Group

A

headquarters in Mumbai, India
research and development facilities - in India and the UK - allows for diversified and efficient production strategy , employs global management systems eg. economies of scale - Tata steel have large scale production

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13
Q

vertical and horizontal integration of Tata Group

A

vertical = owns iron ore mines
horizontal = owns diverse range of industry eg. tata steel, indian hotels, tata motors

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14
Q

positives of tata group

A

job creation and investment into manufacturing in the UK
innovation and research
cultural integration - aquisition of JLR in UK
employment in south africa and brought new industry eg. tata motors
investment into renewable energy
community development

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15
Q

negatives of tata group

A

industrial challenges - tata steel closed factories which resulted in severe job losses
impact on local and economic stability in south africa

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16
Q

role of tata group

A

indian company
935000 employees
30 companies
150 countries

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17
Q

explain patterns of the global trade of coffee

A

from hot, wet areas in LDES
HDEs buy
largest producer = Brazil - produces 20% of global coffee, 300000 farms
largest importer = USA - imports 20% of worlds coffee

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18
Q

issues of coffee production

A

coffee plants are susceptible to diseases - harms leaves and prevents growth
insects and pests destroy plants
weather can cause outbreaks
use of fertilisers and pesticides = expensive

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19
Q

inequalities, injustices and conflicts as a result of coffee trade - TNCs

A

7/10% profit goes to farmers as they sell unprocessed, low value bean
TNCs buy the bean and increase the value
profit isn’t reinvested in LDES
have lots of power - 4 companies controls 40%
pick and choose where they source their coffee - race to the bottom as producers cut wages so they can be bought

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20
Q

impact of global trade of coffee on vietnam

A

now only 10% people live below poverty line used to be 60%
coffee industry worth $40 billion
accounts for half of exports
helped to recover area
coffee exports grew 30% in a year
injustices - 3m people moved to rural areas, lack of land for elephants to roam, lack of food etc.
conflicts - US bombs are still in 83% of farmlands = unsafe
inequalities - tourist attractions cleared of bombs
lack of training between plantations

21
Q

impact of fairtrade (global trade of coffee)

A

promotes supporting farmers
sets a minimum price that the buyer has to pay
prevents farmers losing business
658 fairtrade coffee brands = increasing
pays money into a community fund to invest in computers, machinery etc.

22
Q

explain the global patterns of palm oil trade

A

produced in equatorial and tropical regions - South east Asia
90% grown in Malaysia
UK consumes 32000 tonnes a year
India are the greatest importer - $9.6 billion a year

23
Q

importance of palm oil

A

land efficient crop
greater yield per hectare
found in many products

24
Q

inequalities, injustices and conflicts of the trade of Palm oil

A

TNCs have forced local inhabitants off their land
deforestation has changed livelihoods
chemicals in palm oil pollute water and soils
child labour/ forced labour on some plantations
monoculture

25
sustainability in the trade of palm oil
roundtable on sustainable palm oil 2000 members from 75 countries raise awareness of the production of palm oil encourage environmental responsibility and conservation of natural resources and biodiversity encourage responsibly consideration of employees and individuals Kraft Heinz use sustainable sources
26
roles of the UN
maintain world peace and security - peacekeeping missions in Africa, supported nuclear disarmament provide long term humanitarian and development assistance/ uphold human rights - improved quality of life, SDG eradicate and prevent world hunger - fair trade agreements, agro technologies to increase food yields protect refugees - first responder to human and environmental disasters combat global disease - WHO
27
IMF action in Ghana (UN)
economy was suffering - more spending on public services then taxes coming in $918m loan - reduce dept - improve banking systems strengthen monetary policy economic growth rose 8% in 2019 compared to 2% in 2015 created room for free education and increased their purchasing power
28
world bank investment in Morocco
in 2009 the WB provided $100m to start moroccos solar energy in 2018 they funded a further $125m infrastructure development made Morocco more attractive more attractive for FDI supported gender equality - 70 women employed and supported a secondary school for girls standard of living increased
29
INGO
25000 INGOs worldwide - relieve hunger, poverty, improve water access, sanitation, education and disaster relief - Oxfam had £406m - cross national boundaries - communicate with people at local and national levels - have significant global presence in holding governments accountable - campaigned to ban whaling in Antarctica etc. - influence what projects are supported - high salaries so less spent on aid
30
characteristics of Antarctica
70% of all Earth's freshwater 90% all earth's ice covers 14m km2 less then 166mm of precipitation limited plant growth average temp of -49 degrees mosses/ lichen survive lack of sun, warmth, water for plants = fragile ecosystem
31
threats to Antarctica - climate change
warmed by 3 degrees on west coast ice sheets/shelves melting penguins have adapted to sea ice has declined due to melting replaced by other species eg. chinstrap penguins antarctic krill depend on sea ice - population declined by 80%, are a main food source melting ice has impacts on global sea levels - risen by 3mm a year since 1990s ocean acidification as carbonic acid forms
32
threats to Antarctica - fishing and whaling
overfishing - over 20000 tonnes of krill fished in 2013 knock on effect on other species legal limits on how much fish can be caught per year species can be caught in fishing lines and die whales killed for scientific research - population has dramatically decreased
33
threats to Antarctica - search for minerals
lots of minerals - large underground deposits of coal and iron ore large oil reserves mining is banned as too far to transport machinery/ expensive
34
threats to Antarctica - tourism and research
tourism increases shipping and air travel - water and air pollution, risk of boats grounding or hitting ice bergs tourists disturb breeding grounds/ colonies of birds - trampling damages vegetation, erodes the landscape, litter and waste disposal harms wildlife - decomposition is slow non native species may be introduced
35
role of NGOs in managing Antarctica
important role in monitoring the possible threats and protect the environment - call international attention to countries who aren't sticking to governing laws eg. Antarctica and Southern Ocean Coalition, WWF and Greenpeace ASOC - protect and prevent exploitation - monitors changes and checks who's sticking to rules - monitors effects of climate change - campaigns to reduce emissions
36
impact of governance of Antarctica around the world
melting sea ice - efforts needed to prevent climate change, on daily lives = use of renewables to conserve electricity, use cars less global governance may slow down short term economic growth - limits what can be sold eg. fish but does secure resources for the future allows for greater scientific exploration of Antarctica - people conduct research, collaborations allow researchers to pool resources allows tourists to visit
37
international laws in Antarctica - The Antarctic Treaty
The Antarctic Treaty - how to sustainably manage - signed by 53 countries - used for peaceful reasons - countries should cooperate on scientific research - Antarctica should remain in the global commons
38
international laws in Antarctica - The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctica
signed in 1991 focuses on protecting fragile environments banned all mining in Antarctica set rules to protect to protect plants/ animals, regulate waste disposal, prevent pollution Environmental Impact Assessment required disputes between countries may occur
39
name global institutions in Antarctica
International Whaling Commission United Nations Environment Programme
40
explain the International Whaling Comission
responsible for regulating whaling, ensure the population is at a sustainable level whale sanctuary set up in the southern ocean - whaling moratorium introduced in 1992 - banned all commercial whaling - helped increase whale populations - success is monitered by estimating populations - NGOS say its poorly enforced - better systems needed
41
explain UNEP
UN agency responsible for reporting activity to the UN run by the commission for the conservation of Antarctic Marine Living resources - aim to stop illegal fishing and conserve the ecosystem eg. set up protected areas - effectiveness is limited by individual countries protecting their own interests
42
advantages of offshoring IT in India
large educated workforce over 1million graduates every year cost is 40% lower then in the USA 13 hours ahead - processing jobs are sent ahead and completed for the next day employs 100000 staff experienced professionals starting new operations in India
43
how have special economic zones contributed to India's success
578 zones generating $15b per year employment for 500000 100% income tax exemption for the first 5 years eg. Nokia
44
explain how cuba is switched off from globalisation
despite the good location and connectivity it doesn't trade with a lot of countries relationship with the USA is hindered by political ideals - ruled by communist dictatorship
45
positives of cuba being switched off
architectural landscapes are largely made up of spanish colonial buildings historical mosaics and faded pastel colours have created a particular place identity Havana has a world heritage status retro vintage cars previously imported from the USA = tourist attraction well preserved coral reefs, unspoilt white beaches diverse bird population GDP gone towards education and free healthcare (99% literacy rate compared to 79% USA)
46
negatives of globalisation in cuba
new and updated technologies are not easily imported due to lack of trading blocs low investment in housing and infrastructure improved difficult for people to travel widely homes running without water and electricity
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Geography case studies (5 decks)

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