glaciers Flashcards
name all the glacier case studies
alaska
norway/svalbard
himalayas
alps
newtondale, north yorkshire
nant ffrancon valley
what are the UK glaciated landscape case studies
newtondale
nant ffrancon valley/snowdonia
case study for glacial landscape
norway/svalbard
case study for periglacial landscape
alaska
case study for fluvioglacial landscape
newtondale
describe Alaskas landscape
periglacial
permafrost
low growing plants
thin stony soil
definded seasons
where is alaska located
north western USA in arctic circle
opportunities for human occupation and development in alaska
TAP- Valdez to Prudhoe Bay - extraction of oil and gas, heated above ground to 65, boomtowns created along pipeline
fishing - employs 79000
mining - of gold, iron ore etc. 2.2million to alaska gdp
tourism - 2.2m
inupiut people get compensation from prudhoe bay
challenges for human occupation and development in alaska
extreme temperatures, darkness
remote locations in mountainous terrain
inupiut - coastal erosion
gwitchin - TAP development causing migration of caribou, cant adapt to cc and human dev.
only 2m barrels left
exxon valley oil spills 1989 - 10.9 million gallons spilt
only 20% of TAP workers are locals
mitigation strategies in alaska
TAP
-built on stilts and zig zagged to prevent breaking due to frost heave, heated to 65 to prevent freezing,
utilidors - above ground insulated corridors for water/ sewage
ANWR
- 8 million hectares of protected land, 250 animals species, biodiversity action plan
resilience in alaska
emergency generators, batteries
emergency food supplies - 400,000 people for 7 days
rollagons - deliver food supplies
community freezer provided
adaptation in alaska
employers supplying food 24/7 - as burn more calories in the cold
warming up breaks
vechiles run continuously
only 3 whales hunted per year
houses moved from coast (inupiut)
what present management is happening in Alaska
TAP built on stilts
utilidors
ANWR is protected
describe norways location
arctic circle
Scandanavia
opportunities for human development and occupation in norway
tourism - 70000 tourists, cruise ships can access, increased popularity of adventure tourism
fishing - barents sea 150+ species of fish
coal mining - main economic activity - employs 300+ , 50000 tonnes
challenges for human occupation and developmentin norway
svalbard is remote
winter darkness, extreme temps (-30)
rough sea conditions
accessibility - Svalbard is remote, fjords are difficult to cross
thawing permafrost - 250 homes torn down, Global Sea vault has 43000 seeds and has flooded several times, avalanches/ landslides in 2015/7
saami land for development of mining impacts reindeer migration
cc will impact huskie use
mitigation strategies in norway/ svalbard
well insulated homes
runway painted white
4 by 4s, snow mobiles use
Hardanger suspension bridge
- reduce remoteness, permafrost melting
resilience in norway/svalbard
HEP from Sima power plant
Longyearbyen - darkness, low temps, total wilderness surrounds
adaptation in norway/ svalbard
major hospital treatment fly to mainland
black out curtains
artificial light
describe Svalbard
most northern island
an archipelago - large group of islands
small population - 2700
describe human impacts on alpine areas (the Alps)
oil spills in russia
illegal ski developments in bulgaria
120m visitors in the alps
increased tourism = adventure sports etc. = disturbs wildlife, snow cover etc.
describe impacts of climate change on the alps
ecosystems - 60% high mountain flora/fauna will become extinct, increase in 1°c will push treeline up by 100m
Ski industry - only 62% resorts will be running in 2050, low altitude resorts have closed down
melting permafrost - covers 5% of Switzerland, communities under threat, increases rock avalanches, mudslides, cable cars, ski lifts unstable and have had to be repositioned 3-4 times
flooding/landslides - meltwater builds up and is suddenly released from behind debris
Rise of 2°c will cost Switzerland £2billion a year
how is Europe adapting to climate change
The Marzon Valley (italy) - moving ski lifts to higher altitudes, develop tourism in Somodida forests - cross country skiing, artificial snow
The Giandains Protection Dam (swiss) - completed in 2003, £1.3 billion to protect housing and infrastructure in Pritesing village
what type of cold environment are the Himalayas
Alpine
describe impacts of climate change/ human activity on the Himalayas
pollution - black cloud arrival
more rain/ less snow = melting accelerates/ flash floods
less snow= less moisture for crops and 80% rely on agriculture for jobs
melting glaciers
95% of glaciers retreating
management in the Himalayas
ice stupas - 5000 trees planted
water freezes as sprayed on trees = conserves winter meltwater in the summer
name glacial landforms in Nant ffrancon valley
glacial trough, u shaped valley
ribbon lake - Lyln Ogwen
Cwm Idwal
corrie lake - LLyn Idwal
devils kitchen (back of corie)
arete - Crib Goch
describe the landscape of Newtondale in North Yorkshire
narrow gorge, 80km deep, 5km long
meltwater has formed lakes
lake wheeldale overflowed to lake pickering
