Global English Flashcards
What is accommodation?
Adjusting your speaking for the benefit of your communication partner
What is bidialectalism?
More than one dialect comes together during conversation
What is EFL?
English as a foreign language
What is an L1?
Someone’s first/native language
What is an L2?
Someone’s second/non-native language
Roughly how many native speakers does English have?
300 million
What is a lingua franca?
A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different. It is used to make communication possible between people who do not share a native language or dialect.
Give four reasons why English has become a lingua franca
- Technology
- Trade
- Travel
- Colonisation
Who created the World Map of English?
Streven
When did Streven create the World Map of English?
1980
What does Streven’s World Map show?
His model demonstrates the dominance of English. It also shows the separation of British English and American English and the different parts of the world that have been influenced between these two Englishes.
Who created the 3 circles model of world English diversity?
Braj Kachru
When did Braj Kachru create the 3 circles model of world English diversity
1992
What is the inner circle in Braj Kachru’s 3 circles model of world English diversity
The inner circle countries were those in which English was traditionally the first language of the majority of speakers.
What five countries are included in the inner circle in Braj Kachru’s 3 circles model of world English diversity?
UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand
What is the outer circle in Braj Kachru’s 3 circles model of world English diversity?
The outer circle countries were those in which English played an official or institutional role and were, typically, postcolonial nations.
What four countries are included in the outer circle in Braj Kachru’s 3 circles model of world English diversity?
India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Philippines
What is the expanding circle in Braj Kachru’s 3 circles model of world English diversity?
The expanding circle countries were those in which English was generally used only as a foreign language which played no institutional or official role within the country.
What three countries are included in the expanding circle in Braj Kachru’s 3 circles model of world English diversity?
Japan, Germany, Egypt
What are some evaluations of Braj Kachru’s 3 circles model of world English diversity?
- Outdated today due to the dominance of the internet and other technology
- Can’t be categorised into just 3 categories
- L2 purposes may not be accurate today
- Labels use ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ suggest value judgements about ‘better’ usage
- Does not address the diversity of Englishes within the circles, or the proficiency of English use within the outer and expanding circles
What are some characteristics of Canadian English?
- Exaggerated phonemes (u:eI) – ‘oooh’ ‘ay’
2. Adding phonemes or sounds to end of sentences – ‘eh?’
What are some characteristics of Indian English?
- Fast-paced
- Lack in determiners – ‘the’
- Mix between Indian and English language
- Shorten sounds
What is a pidgin?
Pidgin combines two or more languages enabling the members of different speech communities to communicate.
What is an example of a pidgin?
An example of a pidgin is Tok Pisin spoken in Papua New Guinea – developed from varieties of English spoken in 19th Century as a means of communication between Pacific islanders and English-speaking Europeans.
What is a creole?
Over time, a pidgin may be used more extensively and may become the first language of a new generation of speakers. When this happens, it becomes a creole.
What are some characteristics of Manglish?
- Malaysians like to say ‘already’ at the end of the sentence
- Malaysians love to use exclamation words: ‘lah’ ‘ah’ ‘wey’
What are the five stages of Schneider’s Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes?
- Foundation
- Exonormative stabilisation
- Nativisation
- Endonormative stabilisation
- Differentiation
What is Schneider’s Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes?
This model illustrates the processes of language development with the influences of the colonisation process.
In terms of socio-political background, what happens in the foundation stage of Schneider’s Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes?
English is brought in by settlers and is being used in a non-English-speaking country.
In terms of socio-political background, what happens in the exonormative stabilisation stage of Schneider’s Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes?
The settler community stabilises English as an established language of administration, education and legislation (essentially a business language).
In terms of socio-political background, what happens in the nativisation stage of Schneider’s Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes?
Settlers relationships with their land of origin begins to weaken.
In terms of socio-political background, what happens in the endonormative stabilisation stage of Schneider’s Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes?
Stage of cultural self-reliance.
In terms of socio-political background, what happens in the differentiation stage of Schneider’s Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes?
It has become an established nation, which is free from external threat and has room for internal differentiation.
In terms of linguistic effects, what happens in the foundation stage of Schneider’s Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes?
The language goes through koieneization, pidginisation, toponymic, or borrowing.
In terms of linguistic effects, what happens in the exonormative stabilisation stage of Schneider’s Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes?
English moves towards the local varieties, where bits of indigenous vocabulary are adopted. Code-switching occurs.
In terms of linguistic effects, what happens in the nativisation stage of Schneider’s Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes?
Heavy lexical borrowing occurs, and there are huge changes in phonology, morphology and syntax
In terms of linguistic effects, what happens in the endonormative stabilisation stage of Schneider’s Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes?
Everyone begins to understand the language
In terms of linguistic effects, what happens in the differentiation stage of Schneider’s Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes?
There is a regional speech variation, which ethnic dialect markers
What is global English?
A means of demonstrating that English is spoken in every part of the world, both among speakers within a particular country who share a first language, and across speakers from different countries/first languages.
What are common lexical features of American English?
Different lexical choices
- Trash/rubbish
- Sidewalk/pavement
- Soccer/football
- Gas/petrol
What are common spelling features of American English?
- ‘our’/’or’ (behaviour/or, colour/or, labour/or)
- ‘re’/’er’ (theatre/er, centre/er)
- ‘ise’/’ize’ (capitalise/ze, organise/ze)
What are common grammatical features of American English?
- More frequent use of the subjunctive e.g. I wish I were taller instead of I wish I was taller
- Omission of ‘on’ in reference to days of the week e.g. see you Tuesday instead of see you on Tuesday
- Noun phrases ordered differently e.g. half hour instead of half an hour
Why do pidgins occur?
Pidgins emerge when circumstances force different languages together (colonisation, trade) requiring basic communication.
What are some lexical features of standard American English?
- Trash instead of rubbish
- Sidewalk instead of pavement
- Soccor instead of football
- Gas instead of petrol
What are some spelling features of standard American English?
- re instead of er (theatre/er)
2. ise instead of ize (capitalise/ze)
What are some grammatical features of standard American English?
- More frequent use of the subjunctive e.g. I wish I were taller/I wish I was taller
- Omission of ‘on’ in reference to days of the week e.g. see you Tuesday
- Noun phrases ordered differently e.g. half hour
