CLD: Writing

Question 1

What is orthography?

Answer 1

The study of the use of letters and the rules of spelling in a language

Question 2

What is emergent writing?

Answer 2

Children’s early scribble writing, a stage of their literacy development

Question 3

What is an ascender?

Answer 3

The typographical feature where a portion of the letter goes above the usual height for letters in any font

Question 4

What is a descender?

Answer 4

Where part of the letter goes below the baseline of a font

Question 5

What is the first stage of Kroll’s four stages of writing?

Answer 5

Preparation (age 6) basic motor skills alongside some principles of spelling

Question 6

What is the second stage of Kroll’s four stages of writing?

Answer 6

Consolidation (age 7-8) writing development similar to speech, colloquial, incomplete sentences, strings of clauses with the word ‘and’

Question 7

What is the third stage of Kroll’s four stages of writing?

Answer 7

Differentiation (age 9-10) awareness of writing for different audiences and purposes

Question 8

What is the fourth stage of Kroll’s four stages of writing?

Answer 8

Integration (mid-teens) developing personal voice, controlled writing, appropriate linguistic choices

Question 9

What is the first stage of Dr Cathy Barclay’s seven stages to a child developing their writing skills?

Answer 9

Stage 1: scribbling stage
• Random marks on a page
• Writing and scribbles are accompanied by speaking

Question 10

What is the second stage of Dr Cathy Barclay’s seven stages to a child developing their writing skills?

Answer 10

Stage 2: mock handwriting stage
• Writing and drawings
• Produce wavy lines which is their understanding of lineation
• Cursive writing

Question 11

What is the third stage of Dr Cathy Barclay’s seven stages to a child developing their writing skills?

Answer 11

Stage 3: mock letters

• Letters are separate things

Question 12

What is the fourth stage of Dr Cathy Barclay’s seven stages to a child developing their writing skills?

Answer 12

Stage 4: conventional letters
• Usually involves writing the name as the first word
• Child usually puts letters on a page but is able to read it as words

Question 13

What is the fifth stage of Dr Cathy Barclay’s seven stages to a child developing their writing skills?

Answer 13

Stage 5: invented spelling stage

• Child spells in the way they understand the word should be spelt

Question 14

What is the sixth stage of Dr Cathy Barclay’s seven stages to a child developing their writing skills?

Answer 14

Stage 6: appropriate/phonetic spelling stage

• Attach spelling with sounds

Question 15

What is the seventh stage of Dr Cathy Barclay’s seven stages to a child developing their writing skills?

Answer 15

Stage 7: correct spelling stage

• Are able to spell most words

Question 16

What is the first stage of Joan Rothery’s stages of children’s early writing?

Answer 16

Observation/comment – the writer makes an observation and will follow this with an evaluative comment or combines the two

Question 17

What is the second stage of Joan Rothery’s stages of children’s early writing?

Answer 17

Recount – generally a chronological sequence of events. For example, children are often asked to write a follow-up activity to a school trip. It is written subjectively. The structute of a recount follows this pattern:

a. Orientation
b. Event
c. Reorientation

Question 18

What is the third stage of Joan Rothery’s stages of children’s early writing?

Answer 18

Report – a factual and objective description of events or things and doesn’t tend to be chronological

Question 19

What is the fourth stage of Joan Rothery’s stages of children’s early writing?

Answer 19

Narrative – a story genre which sets the scene for events to occur. It has a set pattern:
a. Orientation
b. Complication
c. Resolution
d. Coda
Due to the structural complexity few children will achieve the whole structure early on even though they have read stories with this narrative structure

Question 20

What are considered some strategies for children to spell a word they haven’t heard before?

Answer 20

Sound cues
Clues from meanings
Writing it down so it ‘looks right’
Use grammatical knowledge to predict spelling including affixation and inflections
Use a dictionary or spell checker

Question 21

What are homophones?

Answer 21

Where the words sound the same but the spelling is different

Question 22

What are homonyms?

Answer 22

Where the words are spelt the same but said differently/have different meanings

Question 23

What is the first stage of the five spelling stages?

Answer 23

Pre-phonemic: imitation of writing, scribbling, pretend writing

Question 24

What is the second stage of the five spelling stages?

Answer 24

Semi-phonemic: linking letter shapes and sounds and using this to write words

Question 25

What is the third stage of the five spelling stages?

Answer 25

Phonetic: understand that all phonemes can be represented by graphemes

Question 26

What is the fourth stage of the five spelling stages?

Answer 26

Transitional: combine phonic knowledge with visual memory and an awareness of combinations of letters and patterns

Question 27

What is the fifth stage of the five spelling stages?

Answer 27

Conventional: most words spelt correctly

Question 28

What is insertion?

Answer 28

Adding extra letters to a word

Question 29

What is omission?

Answer 29

Leaving letters out of a word

Question 30

What is substitution?

Answer 30

Substitution of one letter for another

Question 31

What is transposition?

Answer 31

Reversing the correct order of letters in words

Question 32

What is phonetic spelling?

Answer 32

Using sound awareness to guess letters and combinations of letters

Question 33

What is over/underextension?

Answer 33

Not always applying rules and only applying them in a specific context

Question 34

What does it mean when children only write the salient sounds?

Answer 34

Writing only the key sounds