Global development Flashcards
what is development
measures how advanced a country is compared to another. it is about standard of living but also quality of life
how could a low income country develop?
- investment in farming for food
- electricity reaching rural areas
- new roads + railways for connectivity
- literacy rates - more jobs
- gender equality
what are the factors effecting development of a country
economic- personal weatlth and income
social- access to healthcare education housing
-food and water security
-technological - electricity
A lack of food security means a lack of…..
availability
access to a healthy diet
knowledge to make most of what they have/resources
what factors effect the HDI
- life expectancy
- average years in education
- GDP
what are the factors effecting development globally
- physical- size of the country, landlocked, climate
- historical- colonial links, trade agreements
- economic- type of economy, currupt, debt
what about the UK development reasons
Physical- island no landlock, remoteness
historical- links with particular industries, deindustrialisation
economic- employment rates and salaries, house price, infrastructure
what are the causes and impacts of uneven development
- employment- limited in LEDCs
- food and water security - LEDCs lack
- technology- appropriate
- education - literacy rates low, large families in debt
- access to housing- 30% of world in slums
- healthcare is limitted
- gap between rich and poor increases
what is international aid
- where a county volentarily transfers resources to another counrty
- helps to reduce uneven development
evaluate foreign direct investment
(when a country invests in a country from another country) \+brings in investment \+big brands pay more -not always reliable can pull out -environmental consequences -outsell local products
what is top down development
large scale, expensive sophisticated technology project decided by governments
describe some intergovernmental agreements
trade- reduces uneven development
fairtrade- developing countries work together to deal with retailers in developed countries to get fairer conditions. less than 1% is fair
foreign direct investment- +widens consumer market
-big brands outsell local products
what is bottom up development
actions of communities and NGOs at a local scale to benefit small amount of people with cheaper appropriate technology
advantages + disadvantages of top down
+large sum of money put into benefit 1000s
+access to advanced technology
-locals might not benefit and have no say as its decided by those in power, forced out of home 234 villiages.
advantages + disadvantages of bottom up
+meets needs of local people
+less expensive
-development slow less effective
name some strategies to reduce uneven development
- international aid- pay for imports, infrastructure
- intergovernmental agreements- to cooperate
- trade agreements being fair trade
- foreign direct investment - widens consumer market
describe how development veries in a developing country
-bihar- 86% in rural, average income 6000 rupees
55% below poverty line
-Maharashtra- richest, 30,000 rupees, skilled workers, 3 universities in mumbai
name 3 types of investment in emerging countries
public investments- education and healthcare
private investment- TNC’s
foreign direct investment- businesses
what is the impact of economic change in developing country
- primary -58% to 26% decline
- secondary - from 15 % to 22% increase
- tertiary - 22% to 52%
- Quaternary - over 1 million jobs in |T
name some changes in the population structure in an emerging country
- fall in death rate
- birth rate high
- natural increase
name some ways of measuring development
HDI GDP GNI per capita literacy rate, people per doctor, birth+death rate Curruption Perception Index
what factors effect the development of ethiopia
physical- landlocked, imports arent by sea and climate means money from farming is scarse
Historical-occupied by Italy so money leaked back to italy
Economic- its in debt
Social- disease and HIV and also in drought
How is the scale of inequality measured
Gini- coefficient - higher value shows more unequal distribution
slovenia small- 25.6
South africa big - 63.4
How does the level of developement vary within a country such as India
- infrastructure- greater connectivity eg) 3 airports in mumbai
- skilled workers- improved education 35% bihar at school so less skilled
- deindustrialsiation- physical factors- coast allows trade in mumbai
Evaluate a Top down development project in india
Sardar Sarovar dam in India- 234 villiages drowned 320,000 people forces out of homes
4500 dams built
lots of renewable energy can be produced
cost £8 billion
Evaluate Bottom Up/grassroots development projects
+assisted by NGOs, use appropriate technology
- less people involved
eg) Application of science and technology in rural areas so women get education and dont have to collect firewood
Name some key context of India on the whole
- borders 6 countries
- 1.31 billion
- 80% hindu
- 2 monsoons a year
describe some changing social factors of Mumbai/ India
- increased inequality- wider gap between rich and poor eg)literacy rate male is 82% and 65% in women
- growing middle class- 32% urban areas
- improved education- literacy rate is 74%
How has technology advanced in India
61 million broadband connections,
1 million jobs in IT
Describe the geopolitical relationships of India with other countries
(impact of countries physical and human geog on its politics and relations)
- territorial disputes fight with Pakistan
- military- joined with Russia for resources
- defence- USA have defence agreements with India
- foreign policy- Possible trade post Brexit with UK
what is bilateral aid (international strategy to reduce uneven development)
one country gives aid to other but has conditions
what is international aid (international strategy to reduce uneven development)
one country gives to poorer country to reduce uneven development
what is the highly indebted poor countries initiative (international strategy to reduce uneven development)
cancellation of world debt-
what is multilateral aid (international strategy to reduce uneven development)
aid given through international organisations
name 4 strategies globally through aid which reduce uneven development
bilateral aid
international aid
highly indebted poor countries initiative
multilateral aid
